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Political History of Bengal
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Exported by RanchiMall Content Collaboration on FLO Blockchain
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From Murshid to Mamata: A Political History of - Bengal
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Murshid Quli Khan was the first Nawab of Bengal.  - He was originally born a Hindu as Surya Narayan Mishra. - The city of Murshidabad was named after him. - He was Nawab of Bengal from 1717 to 1727. - Unlike other Islamic rulers, Murshid Quli Khan had only one wife, Nasiri Banu Begum, and no - concubines. He had three children, two daughters and one son

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Murshid Quli Khan Character: - He took no delight in hunting; He never indulged in wine nor in any intoxicating drugs; neither did - he amuse himself with singers or dancers. He always kept constant to one lawful wife, and, out of - excess of delicacy, would not suffer any strange woman, or even eunuchs, to enter the apartments of - his seraglio - so much so, that any slave girl once out of the harem would not be - allowed to re-enter it. He possessed very extensive learning, and paid great respect to men who were - eminent for their piety - or erudition. He was a brave soldier, a liberal benefactor, upright and just in his dealings, and a - steady protector of the weak. - He made no retrenchments in any royal grant, nor in those of any former Subahdar, for charitable - purposes. - He despised all the refinements of luxury, particularly in dress; no highly seasoned dishes were - served on his table. - He slept but little, and carefully observed the stated times for prayer. From breakfast till noon he - employed himself in copying the Koran, and in administering justice; and every year he sent Korans - of his own writing, with valuable offerings, to Mecca, Medina, Najaf, and other holy places. - - - FROM:       https://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-murshid-quli-khan.htm

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Bidhan Chandra Roy was the Chief Minister of Bengal from 1948 to 1962 until his death. Dr. Roy was - awarded with Bharat Ratna on Feb4, 1961. - - He was a renowned Indian doctor, an educationist, a philanthropist and a freedom fighter. He is - considered to be the founder of five very prominent cities of Bengal; Durgapur, Howrah, Ashoknagar, - Kalyani and Bidhannagar. - - National Doctor's Day in India is celebrated each year in his memory, as he was the only few people - from history who obtained a degree in FRCS and MRCP. - - Dr. Roy was born in a bengali family in Bankipore, Patna, with his father working as an Excise - Inspector and a very pious and social worker mother.  - - The partition of Bengal was happening when Bidhan was still in his college, he was emotionally - touched by this but he controlled his emotions and chose to continue on his education, so he could - serve the nation better this way. - - One of the example of his strict determination is when he went to St. Bartholomev's Hospital, - England with only 1200rs and applied for his masters, he was kept being rejected by the Dean because - he was an Asian. But Dr. Roy didn't stop by this, and after applying 30 times in a row, the Dean had - to accept his application. After completing his Post Graduate, he became a member of Royal College - of Physicians and a fellow of Royal College of Surgeons. - - Dr. Roy then believed that Swaraj (the call for India's freedom)  would remain a dream if people - were unhealthy with their body and mind. He taught and contributed at many medical institutions like - Calcutta Medical College, Campbell Medical School, Carmichael Medical College, Jadavpur TB Hospital, - Chittaranjan Seva Sadan, Kamla Nehru Memorial Hospital, Victoria Institution, and Chittaranjan - Cancer Hospital. - - In 1942, when Rangoon fell to Japanese attack, it caused an exodus of people fearing Japanese - invasion, Dr. Roy was the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta. He there acquired air-raid - shelters for schools and colleges to have their classes and also provided shelter and relief for - students, teachers and other employees. He was awarded Doctorate of Science in 1944 for his noble - and dynamic contributions. - - "My young friends, you are soldiers in the battle of freedom - freedom from want, fear, ignorance, - frustration and helplessness. By a dint of hard work for the country, rendered in a spirit of - selfless service, may you march ahead with hope and courage". These was the words he spoke to the - young crowd at a convocation in University of Lucknow in 1956. - - He was also a friend and doctor of Mahatma Gandhi. Once when Gandhi was going under some fast and - got unwell, Dr. Roy came with some medicine to treat him and Gandhi refused to take those medicines - citing they are not Made in India and also told Dr. Roy that why don't he treats the fellow Indian - citizens free? - In reply of this, Dr. Roy said to Gandhi "I have come here to treat someone who represents the four - hundred million people of my country" and Gandhi accepted his medicines. - - Post Independence in India, Congress Party proposed his name for Chief Minister of Bengal, which he - refused but later accepted after Gandhiji's advice and became the Chief Minister of Bengal on 23 - January, 1948. Bengal was seeing a pool of problems including communal violence, food shortage, - large flow of refugees in Bengal, unemployment etc. Dr. Roy did an amendable work by reuniting the - party ranks, worked for every aspects he could and within 3 years normalcy settled down in Bengal. - - - Just after receiving the most prestigious award of Bharat Ratna in 1961, one year later he died on 1 - July 1962 on his 80th birthday. He had gifted his house to be run as a nursing home in the name of - his mother, Aghorkamini Devi. He had also formed a trust for his properties in Patna to carry out - social service, with Ganga Sharan Singh, a eminent nationalist, being it's first trustee. - - In memory of his excellence, The B. C. Roy National Award was introduced in 1962 and has been - awarding people for their excellent contributions in the field of medicine, politics, science, - philosophy, literature and arts, annually since 1976.

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Jyoti Basu, (cofounder of Communist Party of India) who almost became the Prime Minister. - - Jyoti Basu was the Chief Minister of Bengal from 1977 to 2000, for a record 23 years 4 months 17 - days. He is known as the beacon of communism in Bengal. He would be the India's first Bengali and - Marxist Prime Minister if CPI(M) hadn't decided to not join the government.  - - He was born at 43/1 Harrison Road Calcutta (Now Mahatma Gandhi Road). His father was a doctor at - Bardi village, Dhaka (Now Bangladesh). - - His birth name was Jyotirindra Basu but his father changed his name in school and he became Jyoti - Basu. He completed his bachelors in English Literature from Presidency College in Kolkata and did - Law from England. - - Having developed a strong belief in the Communist ideals, Basu returned to India in 1940 and joined - the Communist Party of India, he also became the secretary of the Friends of the Soviet Union and - Anti-Fascist Writers’ and Artists’ Association in Calcutta. - - In 1944, Basu started working with trade and railways unions of Bengal. He established the Bengal - Nagpur Railway Workers’ Union, and became its General Secretary. He was elected to the central - committee of the CPI Bengal in 1951. - - Communist Party of India knew the loss and corruption done by congress, they formed an anti-congress - front with Socialist Republican Paarty, Bolshevik Party of India and the Forward Bloc, no doubt - Jyoti Basu was a member of this front. - - After the India-China War of 1962, differences arose in the CPI, leading Basu co-found  Communist - Party of India (Marxist). - - - When Basu came into power as a Chief Minister of Bengal, it was congress in ruling before him. Basu - was a hardcore democratic supporter, he ordered probes into many matters which occurred during the - previous congress govt. such as inordinate increase in prices of essential commodities, release of - political prisoners, atrocities against anyone done by govt. He abolished the nefarious Maintenance - of Internal Security Act which gave a full hand to the Congress govt to arrest anyone on mere - suspicions in the name of security.  - - - As the Chief Minister, he from the beginning took bold reforming steps for Bengal. He industrialized - programs for small, medium and cottage industries. Unemployment allowances, stoppage of retrenchment - of workers, cutting down on the tax of essential commodities. - - When Jyoti Basu started administrating Bengal, within 3years, nearly more than 10 lakh acre more - ceiling surplus land was identified and three-fourth of this land was distributed within a year. - This resulted in a distribution of  surplus lands to landless people at such a large scale alone in - Bengal, than that of few states of India combined to date. Bengal was the only state which put a - ceiling on landholding from the beginning which Basu changed after coming to a ruling position. - - His innovative strategy was to take administration to village levels, where someone with oral - evidence could challenge the paper evidence in courts, and the powerful landlords could not - illegally acquired the lands anymore. - All measures of land reforms were taken together by Basu including distribution of homestead  lands. - - - It was a golden period for Bengal in 1980s when Bengal was marching ahead with a 4.2% highest annual - rate of foodgrain growth comparing to other states at 2.5% average.  - - - According to National Sample Survey, when CPI(M) came in rule with Basu as Chief Minister, it was - 40% of the population of whole Bengal who could not spend enough money to get 1800 calories energy. - After 15 years to this time, Bengal saw a 17% decrease in this population. This was the biggest - reduction of extreme poverty anywhere in India over any period. - In the rural areas it dropped from 67% to 42% in fifteen years. - - After the incident of Babri Mosque demolition, there was a rise of communal violence elsewhere in - the country including the capital Delhi in 1984, but Bengal remained free of any communal violence, - which is seen as a major achievement of Jyoti Basu's ruling period. - - - He had brought big initiatives in the history of Bengal, such as land reforms, minimum wages for - agricultural labourers, a three-tier panchayati system, dole for the unemployed and widows, and the - establishment of a separate department for youth services.  - - Basu retired from politics in 2000, though he remained a member of the CPI(M) politburo till 2008. -

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Hooghly, Calcutta, 2020, Painting Hooghly with words-Build - background and bridge to Writers Building
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For the traveler with limited time, the best way to explore Calcutta is roughly to trace the route of - the Hooghly, meandering on and off the main thoroughfares by foot, tram and subway, known here as - the Metro. This is not a luxury destination. It is more a journey through the grimy layers of time. - History is inscribed on every lane, like tattoos on a body. Calcutta was once quite a diva.

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On the left side of Calcutta the iron trusses of Howrah Bridge towers over the Hooghly river. The - pale yellow waters are dotted by Bengali canopy boats and you see occasional steel riverboats - ferrying passengers from Howrah Railway Station to Fairlie Place in Kolkata side across the river. - An alighting passenger has to walk just a block across Fairlie Palace, and he will see a grand red - greco roman styled three storied building that holds keys to the power in West Bengal. On the first - floor of the building towards the old Calcutta Stock Exchange lies the chambers of the Chief - Minister.

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The atmosphere in Kolkata is set to turn political as we are inching towards 2021. Most subjects - being discussed in Nabanna must be concerning the state elections to be held next year. It, however, - serves as a temporary State Secretariat to West bengal. The original Secretariat is a 150-meter long - building that covers the entire northern stretch of the iconic Lal Dighi pond in the downtown area - of B.B.D. Bagh called the Writers’ building or just the Writers. The building with historical - importance has a distinct Greco-Roman style, with several statues of Greek gods as well as a - sculpture of Roman goddess Minerva that constitutes the prime attraction of this historical - heritage. - - The building, as of today, has been under renovation since October 2013.

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Writers Building, 2020, Calcutta, Painting Writers -
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The Writers Building is currently under renovation since 2013.  - Next year sometime between April and June in 2021, about 294 constituencies will vote to decide who - will become the next occupant of the chair in Writers Building

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Chief Minster Cabin, Calcutta, 2021, Painting the process - who will sit here-painting Chief Minister Cabin-Bridge to current occupant
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Next year in sometime between March and June of 2021, about 67 million registered voters will chose - 294 representations to the state assembly. Writers Building has been under renovation since 2013. If - the renovation is finished by then, then 294 members of state legislative assembly will decide the - next occupant of the Chief Minster's chamber in Writer's Building. The chair is currently occupied - by a frail but fiestly lady who has never married Mamata Baneerjee.

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Mamata Banerji, Calcutta, 2020, Profile about current - occupant-one interesting fact from her life to trigger - like being unmarried
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As a young firebrand 29 year old, she caught attention of political pundits by defeating a stalwart - of the communist party, Mr Somnath Chatterji in the central parliamentary elections in 1984 in the - aftermath of sympathy wave generated due to assassination of Indira Gandhi representing Congress - Party. - - - Later in 1997 the veteran leaders in Congress Party could not hold her, and she split to form her - own party Trinamool Congress which over time became the principle opposition party in West Bengal, - and by 2011 she entered Writers Building as a Chief Minister. It was kind of a reversal of fortunes - as she was dragged out forcefully from the same corridors in 1993 during a protest against police - killings.

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Hooghly-Origin of Calcutta, Calcutta, 1690, go back to - start how Calcutta was created in British times
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Establishment of Calcutta, now called as Kolkata in modern independent India, was a long and messy - ordeal for the British East India Company. Calcutta, as we know it, didn’t exist as a city back - then. Infact, what we know as Calcutta today was actually formed by  - merging a cluster of three small  villages; Sutanutti, Kalikata & Gobindpur. Job Charnok, who was an - employee & an administrator in the British East India Company, is largely credited for the formation - of the Calcutta. - - The British East India company first came to Calcutta in the period of Ibrahim Khan( 1617-1624) the - Subahdar Governor of Bengal at the time when Mughal Emperor Jahangir was ruling. They first setup - factories in the city of Surat( 1620) and then later in Agra. Scouts were sent across the area to - find out more suitable places to setup trade bases, though this plan was soon abandoned due to - logistical reasons. In January 1644, Emperor Jahangir’s daughter got severely burned in a - unfortunate incident when a British doctor named Gabriel Boughton was called upon for treatment. - Boughton was successfully able to treat the Emperor’s daughter for which as a reward the British EIC - were allowed to establish a factory in Pipilli, Oddisha. This was the first time English ships - arrived at Eastern ports. Boughton’s medical services were availed again by the new Subedar of - Bengal, and in return the company was allowed to establish factories in Balasore, Odisha and - Hooghly, Bengal.

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Aurangzeb, Dhaka, 1690, Explain State of Mughal affairs - - and how Bengal became independent country
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Emperor Aurangzeb was the one sitting on throne during the major period of tension and conflict - between the Mughals and the British East India Company. The EIC wanted to establish a trade base on - the eastern shore of India because of its strategic trading and military advantages.  - - - In the year 1982 when Shaista Khan, the Governer of Bengal, was going to Delhi the EIC requested him - to ask the Emperor to give permission to permanently trade in Bengal. Till this point they were - allowed to open factories in multiple places, but British couldn't be sure of their position. The - Emperor was pleased to provide them with a Firman and this event was celebrated with 300 gun shots - in Hoogly. Though one shouldn't be fooled by this happy start to the agreement, this was the start - of a very long & painful cat and mouse chase between both. - - - Tensions started arising soon, as the Firman granted wasn't very clear. A conflict with a local - zamindar ended resulted in a putting a few Englishmen behind bars. Further the EIC requested the - state to give them a permission to build a fort on the mouth of Hooghly on the grounds of protecting - their trade. But Shaista Khan didn't trust the intentions of British, he knew letting them build a - fort right on the mouth of Hoogly would make the Mughals a little more vulnerable. Upon hearing this - request he immediately turned it down and imposed another 3.5% tax on top of the agreed 3000 rupees, - breaking the Firni. - - - The company got very enraged with this situation and requested King James II in the year 1685 to - permit the use of force against the Mughals. The plan was to attack Chittagong, fortify it and make - an alliance with the King of Arakan who was against the Mughals. Jon Carmock, who was in the Madras - division at that time was told to join this expedition along with 400 soldiers from Madras division. - The plan went awry though; because of high winds and bad weather conditions a lot of the ships ended - up in Hoogly instead of Chittagong. Upon seeing large number of battle ships on the bank, Governer - Shaista Khan got alarmed and immediately offered them truce. This didn't last long though, there was - a dispute between British troops and the Mughal troops which led to an altercation between them and - the latter beat the crap out of the former. The admiral then opened up fire on the city burning down - 500 houses; a property loss of about 30 lakh rupees. Upon Shaista Khan immediately sent troops to - drive out the British from the area and capture all their factories and assets.

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Murshid Quli Khan, Murshidabad, 1707-1717, Go upriver to - Murshidabad-Explain how the richest country in the world is born
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The historical city of Murshidabad-the earstwhile nawabi capital –a city founded in the year 1704 by - Murshid Quli Khan, the Mughal diwan of Bengal. In 1704 Murshid Quli Khan had transferred the capital - of Bengal from Dhaka to Murshidabad which he  named the city after his name .The town is situated on - the left bank of river Bhagirathi.  Under the Nawabs Murshidabad’s glory reached to the highest peak - in almost all arenas. As a trading centre Murshidabad became famous. Many scholars came here - ,settled and mixed with the local people freely and hence there developed a cosmopolitan culture. By - the middle of the 18th century Murshidabad became one of the greatest centres of culture and - education as the nawabs were the patrons of the learned.

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In the Nawabi period Bengali literature also flourished .The learned men of this period made a  great - contribution in Urdu, Hindi, Persian literature. We ought to mention the Sufi literature of this - period .For the expansion of Islam Sufi litterateurs wrote books in Bengali to make the common men - understand the Islamic knowledge and education. This proves that the state of education under the - nawabs was excellent. During this period a different stream of Bengali language,Musalmani Bangla, - arose  which is a mix of Peresian, Urdu and Bengali languages. There was also a different form of - literature ,mixed languages, which was popular among the lower section of the society. The elite - were less influenced by this literature. Persian was the official language of the era. The Muslims - and Hindus both practiced this language which gave them the opportunity for a job in the government - departments. Under the nawabs Murshidabad gained eminent position in the fields of education and - culture. Ghulam Hussain gives a long list of learned men, physicians, mathematicians and other - scholarly persons from this we can assume that educational institutions were there at Murshidabad - during the period of review .Murshid Quli Khan established a Madrasha for the uplift of the - education. This institution , Kara Madrasha, as it was used as a guest house and was also maintained - by the nawab.

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Alivardi Khan, Murshidabad, 1717-1756, continuation of - Murshid Story-Alivardi was last strong man Britishers feared in Bengal
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Alivardi Khan was the last strongman in Bengal whom the foreign powers feared. After his death, in - 1956, the dorrs to the paramount power in Bengal subah reopened.

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Battle Theme- Sheikh Mujibur Rehman-Bangladesh, Bangladesh, - 1971-1975, Creation of Bangladesh and Pakistan role in Bengal till Sheikh Mujibur Rehman was - assassinated-Bridge to his daugher Sheikh Haseena
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While Britishers first entered into India from the west the true expansion and seeds of colonialism - were sown in the east, particularly from Bengal. It was the year 1775 when a young British governor - named Robert Clive must return to India as the governor of Fort St. David with a mission to uproot - French administration from India. However, destiny must pull his attention towards Calcutta (now - Kolkata), a city that was rivaling Madras as a major trade centre in India. Clive knew the strategic - importance and opportunities associated with Calcutta which, however, was under the administration - of Siraj Al-Dawlah, the then Mughal viceroy of Bengal. For decades Britishers have had a mutual - understanding and cooperation with the Mughals. In order to strengthen British administration in - Bengal the new governor must make a decision. Clive decides to fortify the city. In response, Clive - receives a brutal retaliation from Siraj Al-Dawlah who attacked and captured the fort.       - - - Fall of Calcutta was a major setback for the British empire. It was perhaps Clive’s biggest - challenge to wrest Calcutta back from Mughals and to restore British supremacy in the region. An - angry and humiliated British governor had decided to establish British dominance in the region and - restore British honor. An army of 900 Europeans and 1500 Indian soldiers marched towards Calcutta - and recaptured it on January 2, 1757. The nawab is humiliated and forced to pay compensation and let - the British fortify the city. Six months later, the humiliated nawab declares war against the - British popularly known as the Battle of Plassey. However, it was a one sided war where British - cannons unleashed havoc on the Siraj’s army. Clive overthroned Siraj and replaced him with Mīr - Jaʿfar, an elderly general secretly hostile to Sirāj al-Dawlah. With Mir Ja’far under his influence, - Clive virtually became the master of the Bengal province. The event marked the advent of British - empire in India.  - - - The same Britishers in 1905, however, partitioned Bengal which came to be known as the first - partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon, then viceroy of India. The partition was done for territorial - reorganization of the Bengal Presidency. The partition separated the largely Muslim eastern areas - from the largely Hindu western areas. The sentiments of a separate state on the basis of religion, - faith and language were sown.  - - - It's the year 1929, in a primary school in Gopalganj district, a young boy is protesting against the - removal of his school principal for his hostile behavior against students. He organized a student - union in order to achieve so. Such protests and rebels against any injustice were soon to become a - part of his political career ahead for he was to become Bangabandhu Mujibur Rehman, the father of - Bangladesh.  - - - - - “Amar desh tomar desh..Bangladesh Bangladesh” - “Amar desh tomar desh..Bangladesh Bangladesh” - - - “My country. Your country. Bangladesh Bangladesh”. Surrounded by a huge mass gathering in Dhaka in - the year 1971, angered by the negligence and hostility of the West Pakistan army and government - Mujibur Rehman, this time well popular and experienced is marching towards the podium to address his - supporters. Since the inception of Pakistan in 1947, west Pakistan had a racist approach towards the - people of East Pakistan. Pre-independance Mujib supported Jinnah's idea of partition of India on the - basis of religion. But his hero turned villain when post independence Jinnah forced Urdu as the only - official language of the whole of Pakistan which included its east counterpart as well. Mujib - protested.  - - - Mujib’s rebellious behavior against west Pakistan marked a new phase in his political career which - irked many in the west who were actually in power. From 1947 to 1971, jail became his second home. - He opposed the biased behavior of his west counterparts towards Bangla people.  - In 1958, General Ayub Khan declared martial law in the country. This period saw a significant rise - of Islamic fundamentalism and degrading humanitarian rights and law especially towards the people of - East Pakistan. After almost a decade of violence and distrust against Bangla people, in 1966, Mujib - gave up the hope of equal status with western counterparts and demanded full autonomy for East - Pakistan in the form of Our Charter of Survival from West Pakistan. His demands, however, were - outrageous - a separate stock exchange and army to name few. The charter must have made Pakistani - Generals either laugh or fume over it. Because Mujib was indirectly asking for a separate country. - - - Nevertheless, Mujib was again arrested, invoking huge mass protests in East Pakistan for his release - scaring the Pakistan army of a civil war. They agreed to release Mujib unconditionally. When Mujib - reached Dhaka he was welcomed by people with great emotions and support for him. Surrounded amongst - thousands of supporters he was conferred Bangabandhu or the friend of Bangla. - - - Finally, in 1970, the decade-long martial law was lifted and the general elections were announced. - The results, however, invited more political unrest in Pakistan. Mujib’s Awami league came - victorious but were denied to form a government. Tensions between East Pakistan and West Pakistan - rose to all time high. Under these situations Mujib retaliated by calling for full autonomy and - independence. He gave the slogan of “Joy Bangla” and declared independence. The ideology of - Bangladesh was formed. - - - He was again arrested, this time, on the charges of sedition. To suppress civil support for him - Pakistan army launched Operation Searchlight which even today is remembered as one of the most - barbaric and inhuman assaults on citizens. Thousands of people were killed, women raped, children - crushed on the roads. Streets and houses of Dhaka were painted in red by the blood stains of - innocent Banglas. The Pakistan army men infiltrated each and every house of East Pakistanis and - launched fire. To this menace the people had no choice but to evade their homeland and flee to more - secure neighbouring Indian states.  - - - Thousands of East Pakistani crossed the border to find refuge in east India. It was the largest - humanitarian refugee crisis of that time. The sudden incursion of refugees alarmed people sitting in - New Delhi. It was no more an internal issue of Pakistan. In the winters of 1971, Indira Gandhi, the - then Prime Minister of India, declared war with Pakistan to support the local Bangla freedom - fighters called the Mukti Vahini. Field Marshal General Sam Manekshaw was given the responsibility - to liberate Bangladesh from the brutalities of the west Pakistani regime. 13 days later about 91000 - Pakistani soldiers surrendered to India. Yahiya Khan resigned. Under international pressure the - Pakistan government released Mujibur Rehman on 8th January, 1972. Bangladesh was born and Mujibur - Rehman emerged as first the President and later the Prime Minister of Bangladesh.

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The same Britishers in 1905, however, partitioned Bengal which came to be known as the first - partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon, then viceroy of India. The partition was done for territorial - reorganization of the Bengal Presidency. The partition separated the largely Muslim eastern areas - from the largely Hindu western areas. The sentiments of a separate state on the basis of religion, - faith and language were sown.  - - - It's the year 1929, in a primary school in Gopalganj district, a young boy is protesting against the - removal of his school principal for his hostile behavior against students. He organized a student - union in order to achieve so. Such protests and rebels against any injustice were soon to become a - part of his political career ahead for he was to become Bangabandhu Mujibur Rehman, the father of - Bangladesh.

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The election result of 1971 was  not honoured, leading to a civil war on March 26, and Sheikh Mujib - declared Bangladesh’s independence from Pakistan . The declaration coincided with a ruthless show of - strength by the Pakistani military, in which tanks rolled out on the streets of Dhaka and several - students and intellectuals were killed.  - A woman only 13, had already learned to fear people around her. She saw her father being to - death.One day in late afternoon people barged into her house. They snatched her two little brothers, - tied them to a tree and beat them.She ran out of the front door , but the men caught her. They - tethered her arms to two trees. They ripped off her earrings and bracelets, and stripped off her - clothes. - - - Between 300,000 and 3,000,000 people were killed and around 200,000 to 400,000 women were raped. - - - India under then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi provided full support to Rahman and Bangladesh’s - independence movement, resulting in the creation of a sovereign government at Dhaka in January 1971. -

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“Amar desh tomar desh..Bangladesh Bangladesh” - “Amar desh tomar desh..Bangladesh Bangladesh” - - - “My country. Your country. Bangladesh Bangladesh”. Surrounded by a huge mass gathering in Dhaka in - the year 1971, angered by the negligence and hostility of the West Pakistan army and government - Mujibur Rehman, this time well popular and experienced, is marching towards the podium to address - his supporters. Since the inception of Pakistan in 1947, west Pakistan had a racist approach towards - the people of East Pakistan. Pre-independance Mujib supported Jinnah's idea of partition of India on - the basis of religion. But soon, his national hero and ideal turned villain when post independence - Jinnah announced Urdu as the only official language of the whole of Pakistan which included its east - counterpart as well. Mujib protested.

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One of the great grandsons of Mir Zafar was Iskandar Mirza, who assumed the first Presidency of - Pakistan after giving his country a constitution in 1956, full 9 years after Pakistan's - Independence. A proud and stout Bengali, he found it  difficult to get along with the Prime - Ministers he appointed. Like a musical game of chairs, he changed four Prime Ministers in his - Presidency from March of 1956 to October of 1958. His third Prime Minister was Huseyn Suhrawady, an - influential Bengali Muslim freedom fighter who also once held Prime Ministership of united Bengal - province during Britsh times.

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Sheikh Haseena, Dhaka-Bangladesh, 2020, Regeneration to be - the fast growing region in the world-Bridge to Mamata
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Sheikh Hasina was sworn in as prime minister of Bangladeh in January 2009. In 2017, in the midst of - Hasina's premiership, more than 700,000 Rohingya  arrived in Bangladesh, fleeing genocide  in - neighbouring Myanmar .  - The Bangladesh government provided refuge and assistance, however, it did not grant refugee status - and worked to repatriate the Rohingyas on a voluntary basis.  - Hasina's government received praise both internationally and domestically for helping the Rohingya. - In past years Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina is in discussion with West Bengal Chief - Minister Mamata Banerjee to discuss a range of bilateral issues. - The Teesta river water sharing issue was discussed by the two leaders and New Delhi and Dhaka both - are keen to seal an agreement on it since September 2011. - Sheikh Hasina has time and again acknowledged the friendly and cordial relation between the two - countries to continue and flourish.

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Under Hasina, Bangladesh has made significant strides towards educating girls and giving women a - greater voice, both in the household and the public sphere whose efforts have translated into - improvements in children’s health and education, such that Bangladeshis’ average life expectancy is - now 72 years, compared to 68 for Indians and 66 for Pakistanis. - The Bangladesh government deserves credit for supporting grass-roots initiatives in economic - inclusion which includes Bangladeshi adults with bank accounts, 34.1% made digital transactions in - 2017, compared to an average rate of 27.8% for South Asia.  - Hasina’s government has offered a better environment for manufacturing firms to achieve economies of - scale and create a large number of jobs, and though Bangladesh still needs much stronger regulation - to protect workers from occupational hazards, the absence of which curtails labour-market - flexibility has been a boon for job creation and manufacturing success.

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Mamta Banerjee has also extended her support to Sheikh Hasina by protesting Modi's govt on CAB and - NRC Bill.  - Mamta's stand on the above issue explains why the bilateral relation between Hasina and her is going - to last long.

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Mamata Banerji, Calcutta, 2020, Another aspect of her life- - a short event - Bridge to her political predecessor system Communism and Jyoti Basu
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The dynamics of democratic politics in West Bengal, a major state of eastern India had taken its own - shape despite some aberrations due to the politics of violence in the sixties. Whenever there has - been any communication gap between the ruling party and the people, as it occurred during 1964-66 - and again during 1974-76, the electorate democratically registered its protest at the next available - opportunity by rejecting the imperious attitude of the ruling party .Such a gap has been very much - bridged by the direct and personal type of leadership adopted by the left politicians ideological - slant of the political process in West Bengal has, in general, prevented the growth of regional - patriotism or politics Of parochialism, except for the minor political impact left by Ghisingh and - his GNLF movement. It is one of the sings of politics in West Bengal.

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The elected Leftist coalition since 1977 (often described as sound ‘political stability’), but also - because of its widely acknowledged successes in fertility transition, execution of re-distributive - land reform and political decentralization programmes. Ironically, yet, the state, in almost all - comparative assessments of social, human and infrastructural developments occupies a lagged position - vis-à-vis many other states, especially in the south and even against all-India records. A - well-disciplined grassroots political mobilization network, and the machinery of the Left Front - parties, have been highly instrumental for comparatively fast declines of fertility and population - growth and for lasting political stability in an otherwise ‘dilatory’ development regime. However, a - government geared to ensuring mass electoral support overwhelmingly via a grassroots mobilization - network but, with a relative neglect of social movements, economic infrastructure and human - development, is likely to suffer adverse consequences in the longer term.

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Jyoti Basu-Communism, West Bengal, 1977-2000, Impact of - Communism in Bengal-Bridge to Cornwallis Permanent Settlement
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The ripple effects of Russian revolution in 1917 reached British India that was fighting against a - similar “class” ideology. Consequently, in 1925 the foundation of communism was set in Kanpur. - However, due to weak leadership and dominance of Gandhian philosophy, communism in India was finding - it difficult to sustain its roots in Indian politics. 20 years later, a young Jyoti Basu was - attending the lectures of Harold Laski, a prominent member of the British Labour Party turned - Marxist. This small event was going to change everything in Basu’s ideological philosophy as well as - Indian politics in future. In the years that followed, Basu’s activities in politics significantly - increased and, in 1939, selected as the General Secretary of the London Majlis he came into contact - with prominent Indian political leaders like Nehru and Bose. He returned to India in 1940 and joined - the Communist Party of India.

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At the time of independence, all of India from north to south was governed popularly by one party, - the Indian National Congress. Bengal was no different. Basu realized that if he had to establish - communist ideology in Bengal he must establish communications with the lower sections of the society - especially with farmers and peasants. He got this opportunity in the form of Te-Bhag movement under - which small farmers united against the zamindars or the landlords with the demand to only give - one-third of the land tax. The movement was heavily supported by CPI led by Jyoti Basu. Over the - years he established various worker unions and also played a pivotal role in uniting various - communist parties (like the Forward Bloc, the Socialist Replublican party and the United Socialist - party) all across India to build an anti-Congress front. However, after the Sino-India war in 1962 - CPI split into two parts - CPI(Marxist) and CPI(Maoist) following ideological differences.

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The influence of CPI(M) in Bengal gave a stiff competition to Congress and in 1977 when CPI(M) came - to power Jyoti Basu served a (then) record 23 years as the Chief Minister of Bengal. The prime - reason for such a long tenure of communism in Bengal can be found in its basic ideology which stands - up for the rights of workers class. Under his long 33 years tenure Jyoti basu made several landmark - reforms for the deprived class. Empowering villages from grassroot level by empowering the Panchayat - System, boosting labour reforms and land reforms were among few of them which tightened his - political grip on the socially backward class. His secular personality further improved his image - amongst people of all backgrounds and race.

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Operation Barga was a land reform movement throughout rural West Bengal for recording the names of - sharecroppers (bargadars) while avoiding the time-consuming method of recording through the - settlement machinery. It bestowed on the bargadars, the legal protection against eviction by the - landlords, and entitled them to the due share of the produce. Operation Barga was launched in 1978 - and concluded by the mid-1980s. - - - Introduced in 1978, and given legal backing in 1979 and 1980, Operation Barga became a popular but - controversial measure for land reforms. The ultimate aim of these land reforms was to facilitate the - conversion of the state's bargadars into landowners. To date, Op Barga has recorded the names of - approximately 1.5 million bargadars. Since then, it has been marked as one of the more successful - land reforms programs in India.

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Cornwallis, Bengal, 1790-1800, Permanent Settlement System - and how it impacted West Bengal
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From time Immemorial the State in India has claimed a certain proportion of the produce of every - bigha or acre of land. The laws of Manu declare that a king is entitled to an eighth, a sixth, or a - twelfth of the gross product. according to the difference of the soil and the labours necessary to - cultivate it: in times of emergency, even a fourth. Alauddin Khilji levied a tax equal to half the - gross produce of the lands in his kingdom. Under Sher Shah and Akbar the share of the State was a - third; thereafter the demand increased, reaching up to a half. - - - Land Revenue was the chief source of public income in India till 1916.

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The word Zemindar means literally a land-holder. In Bengal the Mughal conquerors used the term to - denote those persons, drawn from almost every level of society, whom they employed to collect the - revenue from the land. In lieu of salaries, these zemindars were given grants of land free from - revenue, and allowed to retain a specified portion of the collections, to levy transit duties, and - to dispose of the waste lands. In origin, ilierefore, the zemindari tenure in Bengal was an official - one. Its sole foundation was the sanad, or charter of appointment. Its essential feature was the - collection and transmission of public revenue. In the heyday of Mughal ride sanads were often - revoked on failure to render prompt payments. Some zemindars, it is true, succeeded in stabilising - their position, and claimed a customary and prescriptive right to collect the revenue. But this in - itself did not divest the zemindari tenure of its official character; for under the Mughals all - offices tended to become hereditary.

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Ijarah System was introduced in Mughal empire under Jahandhar Shah by Zulfiqar Khan. - - - Under this system the government gave the right to collect tax revenue on production to a third - party (middle man) and in return got an assured sum from the third party. The third party could levy - any percentage of tax on the people. - - - This was different from the earlier system as incase of the older system tax was collected at a - fixed rate (fixed by the state) and could not be arbitrarily changed by individuals/tax officials. - - - Ijarah system exposed the population to a tyrranous tax system because they were left at the mercy - of the middlemen who continuously exploited them.

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Revenue system of Mauryan Empire was devised by the Minister of Chandragupta Maurya, Kautilya. The - principal items of revenue in town and country have been listed by Kautilya while describing the - duties of the Samaharta (collector-general).  - - - The main heads of revenue were:   A share of land output. Other dues and cesses levied on land - including a water-rate. The water rate varied according to the nature of the land and crop and tax - on houses in towns. Income from crown lands, from forests, from mines and manufactures, some of them - monopolies like salt, undertaken by government  Customs at the frontiers and tariffs, tolls and - ferry dues in the interior levied on merchandise in transport Profits of coinage and gains from - trade operations carried on by the government  Fees for licenses of various kinds to be taken out by - artisans, craftsmen, professionals and traders  Fines levied in law courts and  Miscellaneous - receipts like presents like transferred possession.                                              In - emergency 'benevolences' were resorted to and the rich had to pay considerable amounts to the state - under. Mauryas introduced images with a view to gain gold. Granting exemptions from payment of - revenue was common particularly land-revenue to Brahmins and religious institutions and to - state-officials. A register of such remissions and assignments was maintained.                      -                              Industries were taxed, using a vast mix of techniques, all of which - were derived from the original land revenue tax system. This entire system was the creation of - Kautilya, the prime minister of Chandragupta Maurya. As the taxation system developed the government - had money to further develop the kingdom. The government also introduced state owned farms where the - king owned the land and his subjects were employed for its cultivation. The government had the - resources to organize the procedure and once the land was ready it would employ the cultivator to - work on the land.                                                   The Mauryas had developed - extensive trade relations. There were many foreign traders who took up residence in Mauryan cities. - There were a variety of goods being exported thereby generating revenue. The exports were items of - luxury like fine muslin cloth. The development of trade became profitable for the empire and - eventually a separate department looked after trade and commerce.  Land revenue of Mauryan Empire    -                        Land revenues from the rural areas were appropriated in the form of crown - lands (sita), land revenue (bhaga) from cultivators, taxes on orchards, ferry charges and so on.  - - - Different types of taxes that were imposed on rural population are:   - (i) Bhaga - It was levied at the rate of one-fourth to one-sixth. Sharecroppers and other - agricultural support by the state had to pay half of the produce to the state.    \(ii) Pindikara - - It was a tax levied on groups of villages and paid by farmers. This was customary. Often the - villages were supposed to supply provisions to the royal army when they pass through their - respective territories.     - (iii) Hiranya - It was a tax paid in cash.     - (iv) Bali - This was popular in the Vedic times and continued under the Mauryas.     - (v) Pranaya - This literally means a gift of affection. It was levied imposed by the state during - emergency. This was first mentioned by Panini, it was elaborated upon for the first time in - Arthashastra. Pranaya amounted to one-third or one-fourth of the produce according to the nature of - the soil.  - - - Export-Import Tax:-                                      Import tax was 20 per cent, but there is no - definite knowledge about the export tax. Import tax was called prabeshya, while export tax was - called nishkramya.  Sales Tax:-                The Sulkadhyaksha collected toll tax on every item - before it was sold or purchased. There were three rates of toll tax or sale tax: 9.5 per cent on - iteIns sold on the basis of calculation; 5 per cent on the iteIns sold on the basis of measurement; - and 6.5 per cent on items sold on the basis of weight. Income Tax:-                      - The following taxes were imposed on the sources of income in cities: (i) wine manufacturing tax; - (ii) salt manufacturing tax; (iii) taxes on ghee, oil and edible oil; (iv) taxes on animal - slaughterers; (v) taxes on artisans and artists; (vi) taxes on gamblers and gambling houses; (vii) - taxes on prostitution, (viii) taxes on the income of temples; and (ix) taxes on additional incomes - of the wage earners.

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Taxation in Gupta Empire - - The Economy during the Gupta period was moving from 18 sources or types of Taxes levied on the - peolple; the greater part of it was spent on works of public welfare. Land revenue was the main - source was generally fixed at one-sixth of the produce.

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William Bentick, Bengal, 1828-1835, Bentick social - reforms
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Lord William Bentinck was born in London, the second son of the 3rd Duke of Portland. He was educated - at Rev. Dr Samuel Goodenough's school in Ealing, before moving on to Westminster School. After - completing his education, he embarked on a military career, moving swiftly up the ranks on account - of his family's influence and his ability to purchase commissions. - - - In 1799, Lord William went to Italy, where he served for two years as liaison officer with the - Austro-Russian forces. In 1801 he embarked for Egypt to command the cavalry, but saw no active - service. His star continued to rise with his appointment, in 1803, as Governor of Madras. The - appointment had been secured largely by the lobbying of his father, but was not popular with the - East India Company and the Board of Control. Lord William had a number of significant achievements - in India, but his work was largely overshadowed by the mutiny at Vellore in July 1806. He left his - post in 1807. - - - In 1808 he served in the Battle of Corunna and by 1811 had been appointed envoy to the Court of the - Two Sicilies. From here, he promoted plans for an independent and united Italy, until he was - recalled to Britain in 1815. - - - After a period at home in Britain when he served as a commissioner for drainage and navigation in - the fens, he returned to India in 1828 as Governor General - a post which he then held until 1835. - In this role he undertook sweeping social, economic and political reforms which, it has been argued, - laid the foundations for modern India.

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He refused reappointment to the governorship of Madras in 1819, waiting to attain his real - ambition—the appointment as governor-general of Bengal, which came in 1827. Bentinck’s immediate - instructions were to rescue India from its financial difficulties; at this time the government in - India operated on an annual deficit of about £1.5 million. Bentinck soon succeeded in turning the - deficit into a surplus of about the same amount. The result of his efforts was the renewal of the - East India Company’s government by the Charter Act of 1833, whereby Bentinck became the first - governor-general of India. He next turned to personnel reforms, which included making more - administrative and judicial positions available to Indians and improving the salaries and status of - Indian judges. Bentinck also made English, instead of Persian, the language of the higher courts and - of higher education and arranged for financial aid to colleges, which were to be adapted to the - Western models. - - - Bentinck showed great courage and humanity by his decision to abolish suttee (sati), the Hindu - custom of burning widows alive with the corpses of their husbands. Previous governors-general had - shrunk from prohibiting the custom as an interference in religion and one particularly likely to - upset the Indian army, but Bentinck cut through these hesitations without facing much open - opposition. He was also responsible for the measures taken to suppress the murder of unwanted - children, human sacrifice, and the thags—bands of robbers, bound together by oaths and ritual, who - murdered unsuspecting travelers in the name of the goddess Kālī. Flogging in the Indian army was - also abolished, long before it ended in the British army.

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At his tenure Governor General of Bengal became  Governor General of  India. He was responsible for - introduction of English as a language of instruction in India. He reformed the finances, opened up - judicial posts to Indians, and suppressed such practices as suttee, or widow burning, and thuggee, - or ritual murder by robber gangs

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Lord Dalhousie, Bengal, 1857, events leading to first war - of independence
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Lord Canning 1858 to 1862 - - - The Government of India Act, 1858 - System of Budget introduced - Formation of Imperial Civil Services - Indigo Revolt in Bengal in 1859-60 - Enactment of Indian Penal Code in 1860 - Establishment of Archaeological Survey of India

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He reorganised Calcutta Secretariat and appointed a Lieutenant Governor for Bengal to relieve the - administrative burden of the Governor General. He laid down the main lines of development of railway - system in India. Telegraphs were setup and the postal system was reformed.

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The Santhal rebellion (sometimes referred to as the Sonthal rebellion), commonly known as Santhal - Hool, was a rebellion in present-day Jharkhand, in eastern India against both the British colonial - authority and zamindari system by the Santhal people. It started on June 30, 1855 and on November - 10, 1855 martial law was proclaimed which lasted until January 3, 1856 when martial law was - suspended and the movement was brutally ended by troops loyal to the British. The rebellion was led - by the four Murmu Brothers - Sidhu, Kanhu, Chand and Bhairav

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The insurrection of the Kolarian Santals of Bengal against the extortions of landlords and - moneylenders had been severely repressed, but the causes of the insurrection had still to be - reviewed and a remedy provided. By removing the tract of country from local rule, enforcing the - residence of British officers there, and employing the Santal headmen in a local police, he created - a system of administration which proved successful in maintaining order.

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Lord Curzon, Bengal, 1905, partition of Bengal
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Partition of Bengal, (1905), division of Bengal carried out by the British viceroy in India, Lord - Curzon, despite strong Indian nationalist opposition. It began a transformation of the Indian - National Congress from a middle-class pressure group into a nationwide mass movement.

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Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa had formed a single province of British India since 1765. By 1900 the - province had grown too large to handle under a single administration. East Bengal, because of - isolation and poor communications, had been neglected in favour of west Bengal and Bihar. Curzon - chose one of several schemes for partition: to unite Assam, which had been a part of the province - until 1874, with 15 districts of east Bengal and thus form a new province with a population of 31 - million. The capital was Dacca (now Dhaka, Bangl.), and the people were mainly Muslim. - - - The Hindus of west Bengal, who controlled most of Bengal’s commerce and professional and rural life, - complained that the Bengali nation would be split in two, making them a minority in a province - including the whole of Bihar and Orissa. They regarded the partition as an attempt to strangle - nationalism in Bengal, where it was more developed than elsewhere. Agitation against the partition - included mass meetings, rural unrest, and a swadeshi (native) movement to boycott the import of - British goods. The partition was carried through despite the agitation, and the extreme opposition - went underground to form a terrorist movement.

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In 1898 it was announced that he would succeed Lord Elgin as viceroy of India, and, in September of - that year, he was created Baron Curzon of Kedleston. He was the youngest viceroy of India in - history, and he cherished the prospect of it, for it was an office filled with the pomp and ceremony - he loved. India was the most-treasured jewel in Queen Victoria’s crown, and, after the pageantry of - his arrival in Calcutta on January 3, 1899, Curzon wrote: “I suddenly saw what had come into my - hands, and what prodigies of energy and inspiration would be needed on my part to guide them.” He - demanded obedience and a bent knee from the rajas, maharajas, and provincial governors he now ruled, - but there was no doubt of his sense of mission toward the Indian people. He initiated commissions of - inquiry into education, police, and civil services; he reduced taxes; he ordered immediate - punishment of any Briton (including members of the army) who ill-treated Indian nationals. In - external affairs he paid special attention to India’s frontiers, toured the Persian Gulf, and sent a - successful mission to Tibet to frustrate Russian ambitions there. On his return from what he called - a “triumphal” tour of the Indian provinces, he ordered the restoration of the Taj Mahal, which was - decaying, and thereafter took a personal interest in India’s artistic and cultural heritage.

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At the end of his first five years in India, his successes were recognized by the government at home - by a renewal of his term, but, in fact, the period of blazing glory was over and now came political - tragedy. At Curzon’s personal request, the job of commander in chief of the Indian army and military - member of the viceroy’s cabinet had been given to England’s military hero of the day, Lord Kitchener - of Khartoum. Curzon believed that to have such an illustrious soldier on his staff would embellish - his own image, though his friends in England warned him repeatedly that Kitchener was, in Lord - Esher’s words, “an uncouth and ruthless man.” It was a clash of personalities, and the two were soon - unscrupulously intriguing against each other. A final confrontation between the two men, which ended - in Curzon’s bursting into tears, brought matters to a climax. Curzon, confident that the government - would take his part, cabled that either his views must be accepted or he would go. On the morning of - August 16, 1905, he received a cable from King Edward VII telling him that his resignation had been - accepted. He delayed his return to England, and, by the time he was once again in London, the Tories - were out of office, and his Indian achievements had been forgotten. He was not even given the - earldom usually awarded to retiring viceroys.

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In 1911, the year that the capital was shifted from Calcutta (now Kolkata) to Delhi, east and west - Bengal were reunited; Assam again became a chief commissionership, while Bihar and Orissa were - separated to form a new province. The aim was to combine appeasement of Bengali sentiment with - administrative convenience. This end was achieved for a time, but the Bengali Muslims, having - benefitted from partition, were angry and disappointed. This resentment remained throughout the rest - of the British period. The final division of Bengal at the partitioning of the subcontinent in 1947, - which split Bengal into India in the west and East Pakistan (later Bangladesh) in the east, was - accompanied by intense violence.

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Writers Building-Bidhan Chandra Roy, Calcutta, 1950, - explain his contribution in governing West Bengal
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B.C. Roy was a great planner for the improvement of education and culture of West Bengal. Due to the - efforts of B.C. Roy Viswa Bharati, established by Rabindra Nath Tagore in 1921 was elevated as Viswa - Bharati University under the Governance of the Government of India in 1951. It may be noted here - that the planning for the establishing of the above mentioned Kalyani University was initiated by - B.C. Roy in 1954. It was B.C. Roy who took the special drive for the passing of the Jadavpur - University Bill in the Legislative Assembly in 1955. As a President of the National Education - Council, B.C. Roy himself moved the Jadavpur University Bill in the month of September 1955. - Jadavpur University was occasionally opened by Dr. Sarvapally Radhakrishan, the then Vice- President - of India on 18th March 1956 for opening up a new era in the history of the higher education in India - particularly in West Bengal. ‘Academy of Dance, Drama and Music’ was established in 1955. As a - result of B.C. Roy’s vision for commemorating to Gurudev Rabindra Nath Tagore a plan was formulated - for establishing Rabindra Bharati University in 1959. He was also the founder President of Indian - Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management in Calcutta.

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Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first Education Minister of free India, was also the personal friend of - Bidhan Chandra Roy, the Chief Minister of West Bengal. In course of discussion between the two the - former approached the later to locate a site for setting up one of the five regional engineering - colleges sometime in the year of 1950-51. The Chief Minister B.C. Roy accepted the offer at once and - selected Hijli at Kharagpur in the district of Midnapur which is a distance of 100 miles from - Calcutta for the purpose of setting up engineering college. Due to the insistence of Maulana Abul - Kalam Azad prior to the approval of I.I.T. Kharagpur B.C. Roy agreed to take overall charge of the - Institute as its Chairman in his personal capacity. With the help of his personal sagacity and - indomitable spirit for doing something for the betterment of the state, B.C. Roy selected Jnan - Chandra Ghosh, an eminent scholar and scientist as its first Director.

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His Bihar Bengal merger scheme with Srikrishna Sinha failed

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One of the main causes behind the shortage of food was the partition of the country which gave almost - 20 million acres of excellent rice-growing paddy fields to the East Pakistan and thereby rice became - comparatively unavailable and more expensive in West Bengal. In addition the influx of lakhs of - refugees from East Pakistan to West Bengal, diversion of 200,000 acres of rice growing lands to jute - cultivation and damage of crops due to natural calamities - collectively resulted in a yearly - deficit of 200,000 tons food grain in the state.

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Zamindari Abolition Bill There were some important Bills relating to the land system passed during - the chief ministership of B.C. Roy. In the ‘Bargaders Acts’ of 1950 some provisions were there to - protect the share croppers. According to the Acts a ‘share croppers conflict –removal board’ was set - up. Not only that ‘Zamindari Accusation Acts, and ‘Land Reforms Acts’ were passed in 1953 and 1955 - respectively. According to the ‘Zamindari Accusation Acts of 1953, the permanent settlement and - Zamindari systems were declared null and void. There were provisions to give compensations to the - Zamindars. However, on and from 1st Baishak, 1362 (Bengali Callender) i.e.1955  155 the accusation - of Zamindari was started by the Government of West Bengal. The shares of the share-croppers were - fixed 60% instead of tebhaga i.e. 2/3. It was circulated that the owner of the vested lands would be - allowed to retain 25 acres of cultivable lands and 15 acres of housing as well as garden lands. - Measures were taken to distribute the surplus lands among the share croppers and landless peasants. - The abolition of Zamindari system by the West Bengal Government in 1953, marked the beginning of one - of the most revolutionary measures in the history of the land reforms in the country to stop - exploitation of peasantry by the landlords.173With the passage of the Bill the power and prestige of - the landed aristocracy began to decline steadily. The Zamindars started selling their palatial - buildings which they could no longer maintain. In that connection, the State Government was advised - by the Central Government to examine the cases and purchase such properties for utilization of - nation- building purpose.

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As Chief Minister of West Bengal, he laid the foundation of five cities, namely, Durgapur, Kalyani, - Bidhannagar, Ashokenagar and Habra.

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In the obituary to Dr Bidhan Chandra Roy, the British Medical Journal wrote, “… at his professional - zenith, he may have had the largest consulting practice in the world, news of his visit to a city or - even railway station bringing forth hordes of would-be patients.”

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India China Diplomatic Relations
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Diplomatic relations between - India and China. - India is the first non-socialist country to - establish diplomatic relations with China, - the communist government. The joint - enunciation of Panchsheel - the 5 - principles of peaceful co- existence by the - Indian Prime Minister Nehru and Chinese - Premier Zhou Enlai was a step towards a - stronger relationship. Annexation of Tibet by Chinese caused - huge conflicts between the two countries - and the tension was also heated due to - border disputes caused by China. It took - more than a decade to normalize the - situation. Trade was the only positive - relation between both the countries. They had signed agreements on cultural - exchanges and co-operation in science. Bilateral trade between India and China - has increased from $338 million in 1992 to - more than $84 billion in 2017, - But we need to relook how the relation - would continue after the post- covid - world. The solidarity between the two - countries may be degraded due to lack of - transparency and trust issues of China. The public perception of Indians has - become very negative and the whole - world has socially distanced themselves - from China. India has been doing the - same. The first step is by banning 59 - Chinese apps. The outbreak of this - pandemic will sure change our relations - with China since it the one to be blamed - for.

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India China Trade
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Indo-China Trade. - China being the largest exporter to India surely has its upper hand there and it would be a great  - troublesome situation for both the countries to have disputes amid this world wide pandemic due to  - the CORONA VIRUS. - It won’t be wrong to say that Indian MSME sector is very much dependent on various Chinese  - imports and that too when it has been in the middle of crisis since a couple of years. - Although for the business experts and other analysts it is going to be an interesting show that how  - both the countries and going to revive their respective manufacturing sector and the economy as a  - whole if thing go wrong. - Figuratively speaking, In 2019-20 China accounted over 5% of India’s total exports which includes a  - wide range of products including iron ore, cotton yarn, coconuts, copper. Whereas Imports from  - china accounted for more than 14 percent, mobile phones and its accessories holding the top spot  - over 48% of the total import. - For more visit http://www.indiatradedata.com/what-india-import-export-china - The above figures shows that India runs a huge trade deficit with china which puts India on the - back  - foot to take major decisions, although Indian government has already taken some strong decisions  - to match up the sentiments of Indian citizens to boycott Chinese products.  - India already has its plans to counter Chinese huge imports, The MAKE IN INDIA programme which  - was launched in 2014 but Indian economy has not seen or gained much out of it.

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India China DTAA
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INDIA-CHINA DTAA - - - Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement(DTAA)is an accord for the avoidance of double taxation to a - citizenary of either or the both nation entalgled to the concord. - - - India-China bilateral significance to DTAA kicked off to a flier in july 1984.The recent development - in harmony with the concurrence was observed in Nov.2018. - - - The amendment in the prevailing protocols has now bound both the nation to sticl to the recent - international standards. - - - The DTAA is just not about Tax- Credit or Tax- Exemption but it also indirectly helps both the - nation to understand each other economic and  monetary policies and aid to prosper growth. However, - In  critical circumstances,the accord may be terminated from either party by notifying other.

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India China Doklam Border Standoff
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INDIA CHINA DOKLAM BORDER ISSUE-  - Docklam, or Donglang in Chinese, is an area spread over less than 100sq km comprising a platform and - a valley at the Tri-junction between India, Bhutan and China. It is surrounded by Chumbi - Valley of Tibet, Bhutan Ha Valley and Sikkim. In 2017, a dispute arose between Indian Armed Force - and the - People’s Liberation Army of China. In June, 2017, the Chinese troops started constructing road on - the disputed area of Doklam which the Chinese claims it to be a a part of its Donglang region. - However, India and Bhutan recognize it as Doklam, a Bhutan territory. Bhutan has a very strategic - position considering the geography of India. To foster the relationship, India and Bhutan had signed - a “Friendship Treaty” in 2007 which made India to intervene for the goodwill of Bhutan among other - provisions. Also, Bhutan had asked for India’s help to protect its interest in Doklam from Chinese - intervention. The question that arose was why Doklam region was so important to these nations. The - reason being was that the area of Doklam carries huge military advantages and if it falls into the - hands of China, the security of India and Bhutan will be at stake. The access to Tri-junction area - shall be easy for the transportation of war machinery to the border of India. In this case, if there - is a war between India and China, China will be able to conquer the Chicken’s neck of India which - connects the North-Eastern states to rest of India. So, Indian Army was sent in order to stop the - Chinese troops from constructing roads on the disputed area of Doklam. The military standoff - continued for more than two months. China - accused India for entering their border. Well after diplomatic conversations, both the troops were - withdrawn from the border. Talking about the consequences of this standoff, I do not think it was an - impactful one. The Chinese government claimed that it is - their sovereign right so the Chinese troops will be present at the border. They were ready to - maintain peace further. Till now, there have been no instances regarding any disturbances on that - border.

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Sushant Singh Rajput : Death & aftermath
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Sushant Singh Rajput : Background
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Sushant Singh Rajput was no doubt a brilliant actor and man of great intelligence. He was born in - Patna, Bihar and after his mother's demise in 2002 which left the family devastated, they moved - homes to Delhi. Right after his schooling from Kulachi Hansraj Model School, Delhi, Rajput secured - admission in Delhi Technological University, New Delhi to pursue his Bachelor's degree in Mechanical - Engineering. He even secured an AIR #7 in 2003 AIEEE. Along with this, he was also a Physics - National Olympiad winner and managed to clear more than seven engineering entrance exams. his - passion for theatre took over in his third year of college and he dropped out to pursue his dream of - acting. He began with taking classes to polish his acting skills and also joined Shiamak Davar's - dance group. Davar was so impressed with Rajput's flawless dancing talent that he gave him the - opportunity to perform at the Commonwealth Games as well as the Filmfare awards. After that, his - road to success just kept getting clearer and he joined Barry John's drama classes and that is when - he caught the eye of a casting director for Balaji Telefilms who watched him perform on stage. - Impressed by his talent, Rajput was then offered his first on-screen role in the show Kis Desh Main - Hai Mera Dil as Preet. It was only after this that he bagged his evergreen role of Manav Deshmukh in - the show Pavitra Rishta which turned him into a household name. The show given him a ‘big break’ and - led him to the doors of Bollywood. He debuted in the film Kai Po Che! which was a huge success and - everyone adored the new boy in town. However, things really changed for the best for him when he - starred as former Indian cricket team captain MS Dhoni in the cricketer’s biopic --  ‘MS Dhoni- The - Untold Story’. This movie took his name among the top leading actors in the Indian film industry and - the film was marked as one of the highest-grossing Bollywood films of 2016. He dated his Pavitra - Rishta co-star Ankita Lokhande for about six years and even though there were rumours of the couple - getting married, they unfortunately ended their relationship in 2016. His last commercial film that - taught us an important lesson was Chhichore. The movie’s message to the audience was that "no matter - how difficult things, gets sucide is never  an option". It took him into one of the top leading - actors in the Indian film industry and the film was successfully marked as one of the - highest-grossing Bollywood films of 2016. He dated his Pavitra Rishta co-star Ankita Lokhande for - about six years and even though there were rumours of the couple getting married, they unfortunately - ended their relationship in 2016. His last commercial film that taught us an important lesson was - Chhichore. The movie’s message to the audience was that "no matter how difficult things, gets sucide - is never  an option".

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Sushant Singh Rajput : Nepotism Kangana
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Sushant Singh Rajput was an aspiring actor who started his career from television serials (2008). - Later, he got a chance to act on big screen "Bollywood" with his is very first movie "Kai Po Che" - (2013). He was highly appreciated for his acting skills and dedication seen on the big screen.  - Unfortunately, he committed suicide as stated by the Mumbai Police on 14 June, 2020. His last movie, - "Dil Bechara" was released on an online platform after his unfortunate demise.The movie broke - records and became the highest-rated Indian movie. -                The reason of his suicide is still not known though various facts are being showered  - on social medias and news. Above all, Nepotism in Bollywood somehow affected the life of the late - actor. He was just 34 and was going through depression. He was going through several hardships in - the world called "Bollywood", he could not suffer the humiliation as he was seen saying that - "Bollywood is not accepting him and no one invites him to their parties". He felt alienated. He was - disturbed by the fact that, true talent is not given the chance that it deserves and many a times, - that very chance is taken away and given to the so-called "star kids".  - - -         However, Kangana Ranaut being vocal and outspoken, bashed the so-called people, who in her - eyes was responsible for featuring "star kids" and not giving any value to an outsider. Kangana also - gave the title of "Bollywood Mafia" to Karan Johar while sitting  in front of him and bashed for - featuring "star kids" and promoting Nepotism in Bollywood. However, Sushant  was not vocal like - Kangana but he too spoke about nepotism before Kangana, On August 14, 2015 he shared a quote through - his Twitter account - "We promote family values here almost as often as we promote our family - member". This clearly shows his state of mind and experience. Kangana stated, no one from bollywood - except Sushant supported her the topic of nepotism. She admitted that many people from Bollywood - tried to ruin her career and wanted to  show her in bad light. She fought really hard to fight - Nepotism. However, Sushant was going through  similar hardships but he was not vocal like her, he - was an introvert. According to Kangana,  It was not easy for him to face unnecessary rejection and - criticism by the the so-called "Bollywood biggies". Many brands dropped kangana for the battle she - rose. However, her hard work paid her with Padmashree and National Award. Recently, Kangana appeared - in a channel where she made many shocking revelations. She exposed the culture of nepotism in - Bollywood, she gave a hint about Sushant's murder and not suicide. However, many people called her - an "attention seeker" for this, while she is strengthening the case with her testimony on Bollywood - nepotism. People blamed her that she is doing all this for selfish reasons. On this, she said, "Yes - it is about Sushant but, it is also about my life because people are still ganging up on me". We - know, "it's easier to be a part of herd than standing against all."  Kangana being bold, strong and - confident in her statements and not seeking "mob mentality". The word "nepotism" has arrived several - times in Bollywood, which by time, diminishes. But, the death of Sushant Singh Rajput has left a - huge and deep Impact among people and his fans. After this unfortunate demise,  many people came to - know about the dark reality behind the big screen and started hashtags on social medias such as - #BoycottBollywood  #BoycottNepotism. Also, the followers of Karan Johar and "star kids" such as - Sonam Kapoor, Alia Bhatt, Salman Khan was declining day by day.Thus, the sudden death of sushant has - resulted in a change that was unexpected, however we don't know how far this change will last.

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Sushant Singh Rajput : Death reason
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On 14th of June, a sudden heart- breaking news came that 34 year bollywood actor -  Sushant Singh Rajput was no more. The news shook each and every person to the core. Everyone wanted - to know why he died. Mumbai Police stated that Sushant attempted a suicide and reason for this was - that he was going through depression. But this reason was not strong enough and that is why most of - the people did not believe that such a genius and brilliant person would be weak to such an extent - that he could commit suicide.  The entire celebrities of Bollywood and Hindi television serials - mourned at the loss of such a shining star and shared their feelings through the social media post. - Soon after that, every second people on social media started to speak about depression and ask to - seek help if anyone is going through this. - - -     Every news channel was devoted to Sushant Singh Rajput and disclosed the details of how, when - and where he committed suicide. The details about every minute of Sushant before his death was for - the topic of the town. It was stated that half an hour just before his death, he  went to the market - to buy a juice and later he went into his room and closed the door. Soon the the house-help came and - called him but only to find, there was no response. Later, police was informed and they found  - Sushant hanging in his room with the  green colour cloth tied around his neck. This story was - illustrated in every news channel.  However, when Kangana Ranaut came out with a video, where she - mentioned that it was a murder and not suicude. According to Kangana, the main reason is nepotism in - bollywood to the pressures to which he could not stand and could not face further humiliation. The - fact that the star kids were only given the chance in Bollywood by taking away the chance of an - outsider.  If that too was not the thing, one may notice that the work  of an outsider was neither - appreciated in the award shows nor in the Bollywood, only because they do not have any relation in - Bollywood for guidance and support. According to Kangana, Sushant was unable to cope up with the - pressures, humiliation that he  was getting from the famous Bollywood celebrities who were highly - intolerant towards any outsider. Sushant was found "literally urging" (in one of the comments of his - social media post) to one of his fan  to watch his movie or else Bollywood will not accept him and - he will be thrown out. He was also disturbed by the fact how his very fair chance was given to other - star kids through unfair means. Recently, Kangana appeared on a channel, Republic TV, where she  - exposed the nepotism culture in Bollywood and blamed the very system that led Sushant to kill - himself. - - -  Another dynamics in his suicide case involved is girlfriend Rhea Chakraborty, with whom he was in a - relationship for a year and a half. According to the recent news,  Sushant's father filed a case in - Bihar, stating that he does not believe in Mumbai police and wants a CBI enquiry against Rhea, who - according to him was responsible for his death. He further states that his son was fine but suddenly - what happened to him as soon as Rhea came into his life. He blamed Rhea for using Sushant - financially and abetting him to suicide. He mentioned that Sushant's sister went to meet him after - all this mishaps happened between Rhea and Sushant. She consoled him that everything would be fine. - As soon as his sister returned to her house, the very next day we came to know that Sushant had - committed suicide. This is the most recent news related to Sushant's suicide case. However, many - reasons of his death have been flourished in social media with several types of guess-proof by his - fans and followers. But, according to the latest news, the Maharashtra government has denied that - there would be any need of CBI enquiry for this case. He said that Mumbai Police are enough to - investigate such cases and once the investigation is done, the details will be disclosed. However,  - the fans and admirers of the late actor continue to urge the government to provide Justice for - Sushant.

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Sushant Singh Rajput and Ankita Lokhande
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Not all hello's last forever, not all goodbyes are meant to see a new unison in future. Likewise - Ankita Lokhande and Sushant Singh Rajput first met on the set of their debut show "pavitra rishta" - in 2009. This main couple face of Pavitra Rishta managed to win everyone's heart with their - simplicity. Initially, there was a lot of difference between the two on the sets, during shooting, - both did not like to see each other's gross. After fighting for a long time, they both understood - that they were fighting unnecessarily. Thus, the journey of friendship of started and then changed - to love. Sushant took the first step and he was the one who first said that their friendship was the - first step of love. It took so much efforts from Sushant to make Ankita finally say YES to him. A - much loved on screen and off screen television couple!They both dated for 6 long years. Sushant also - proposed Ankita publicly in a dance reality show "Jhalak Dikhla Jaa" which left everyone awfully - surprised (2011). It was completely unexpected for Ankita. Ankita was so happy that she said: - "He's romantic and pampers me alot. In fact there are a lot of similarities between him and Manav, - the character that he plays on TV. He's shy and soft-spoken, but of late he is learning to express - his feelings better than before." - From that very day,  they officially announced about their relationship. They were in a long -term - relationship and were also seen speaking about tying their knot soon.  In the year 2013 SSR kick - started his career in film industry with "Kai Po Che!" Even after working in different platforms - they stayed together and they were often seen together in movie screening and award functions. - - - But as time never stays the same, so did their relation. In 2016 the couple ended their 6 long years - of courtship. This incident was the talk of the town but the two never revealed the reason of - seperation. - - - Even after all this the estranged couple were in touch through virtual medium. Latter it was - proclaimed by them that things were cordial between them.  - They both ended their relationship. Sushant officially declared about their breakup through his - Twitter handle while Ankita maintained a dignified silence. After their breakup many rumours spread - like, Ankita being insecure and Sushant being a womaniser.  According to some sources,  it was a - publicity stunt to create buzz over his upcoming movie "MS Dhoni -the untold story". In an - interview, Sushant opened up and said that none of  the rumours were true as neither Ankita was an - alcoholic nor he was an womaniser. He denied such rumours,  however he wanted that he must be known - for his movies rather than his love life. When Ankita faced such questions in an interview, she was - shocked saying that such speculation were "unnecessary and uncalled for". She stated that she is - most hurt with the rumours of her insecurity towards the relationship to which she admits being - quite possessive while she ridicules the rumours about having any issue with Sushant's closeness - with his co-stars on-screen. She said that she always admired and respected Sushant for his loyalty. -    After their break-up, Sushant moved on and was busy shooting for his next movie "Raabta"  with - his co-star Kriti Sanon while Ankita was still holding upon their love. Later, she too moved on, as - her social media posts were seen captioned as focusing on self-love and growth.  - After the sudden death of Sushant on 14th June, 2020, she met his parents and even attended the last - rites of the actor. After one month of his death she posted a Diya lighting in front of the God and - captioned it as "CHILD OF GOD". Her recent two posts were related to prayers for the late actor's - departed soul. Recently, with the new facts opening up in the  shocking controversies with Rhea - Chakraborty blamed for abeting him to suicide, theft, and even cheating him financially as stated by - Sushant's father filed in the FIR fired by him against the kate actor's girlfriend, Rhea - Chakraborty. Ankita took up to an enigmatic post to her Instagram handle that read, "Truth wins". -

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Sushant Singh Rajput : Chhichhore
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Chhichhore is 2019 film directed by Nitesh Tiwari starring Sushant Singh Rajput, Shraddha Kapoor, - Varun Sharma. - - This movie looks simple yet promising. This was SSR last film at the theatres and also the biggest - hit. Chhichhore ranked 8th in the Top rated movies(2019) list of Bookmyshow (All languages) with - close to whopping 3 lakh votes. Chhichhore lifetime box office not only beat GullyBoy but also - Kesari & Bharat making it 30th highest grosser of Bollywood! With 153Cr+ BO, it left Dilwale & Saho - behind but with powerful PR, its buzz & success were killed. - No one knew chhichhore was such a huge hit. In fact there was negative PR calling it a copy of 3 - Idiots. Comedy scenes in this movie were perfect with the standards. Chhichhore is the best film in - recent last starring a new generation actor. It is Sushant's  highest grossing film. It has quality - plus BO numbers. Its Success deserves to be talked about more which people still don't. This movie - deserves a Big Digital award at least! not only due to the unfair treatment it received at Filmfare - awards or ZeeCineAwards but also the 'cause' that it brought forth!

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Sushant Singh Rajput : Educational qualification -
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Sushant's tragic death sparked an outpouring of grief in everybody.  - - The national rank holder Shushant studied in St. Karen's High School in Patna. Later his family - moved to Delhi, it was the same year when he lost his mother. This incident devastated the entire - family but Shushant the most as he was very close to his mother than any other member of the family, - after this he worked even harder. He got admitted to Kulachi Hansraj Model School in New Delhi. The - hard work did pay off, he became national Olympiad winner in physics. And cleared 11 engineering - entrance exams including ISM [now  known as IIT(ISM) Dhanbad]. He got admitted in DCE (now known as - DTU) for a B.tech degree in mechanical. - - - In college he joined art classes that was dancing and acting, with which he connected so naturally. - And he ended up dropping out of college in his third year. Once SSR said, "my friends called it a - mistake, but I'm listed on the first position in college alumni." Even after getting into - entertainment business his interest in science and astrophysics never fade. He used to study about - space and it's working. As we often got glimpse of telescopic images of space on his social media - handle.  - - - The only regret Sushant had was that his mother didn't get see any of his achievements. His demise - is not just a lost for his family but to entire nation.

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Sushant Singh Rajput , Ekta Kapoor
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Ekta Kapoor is an Indian Television producer, film producer, and director. She gave Sushant Singh - Rajput his Big TV break with a daily soap entitled "Pavitra Rishta". When Sushant moved to Mumbai to - join XYZ theatre group where the casting team of Ekta's Balaji Telefilms spotted him during a play - and asked him to give audition for the role of "Preet Juneja" for "Kis Desh mein Mera Dil". Ekta - Kapoor casted him as a lead  for "Pavitra Rishta" when Sushant was already playing a lead role in - "Kis Desh mein hai meraa Dil",  Zee TV did not accepted him first. However Ekta Kapoor convinced - them. Both of his daily soaps were produced by Ekta Kapoor's Balaji Telefilms. - The main lead of the series was Sushant as "Manav" and Ankita Lokhande as "Archana". This was his - second television show, and it gave him immense popularity. Soon it became a household name for the - people who loved and admired the show. With nearly 1500 episodes, Ekta Kapoor's "Pavitra Rishta" was - amongst the most popular serial in 2009. - After 1.5 year of the show, news came about Sushant quitting the show. Many legal actions would have - been taken against him, as quitting such a popular show was not easy. But producer of the show, Ekta - Kapoor even knowing there would be huge decline in TRP after Sushant's exit, she believed in him and - also helped him in securing his first movie "Kai Po Che". He always looked at Ekta Kapoor as his - mentor and often praised her in his interviews, as she was the one who gave him big break in - television. The show was outing long before he cracked Bollywood. The Show was on for many years and - later Sushant shifted to films and his character in the serial, was replaced by Hiten Tejwani where - he and Ankita played parents to grown up kids. - - - A week before Sushant Singh Rajput death Ekta shared a flashback post on Instagram of her evergreen - show "Pavitra Rishta" where is she wrote, "After win 35 of 50 slots we were out of top 50! This show - was a chance Zee TV gave us based on a show #tirumatiselvum! wanted to cast a boy as lead who was - doing second lead on our other show! D creative team was adamant he didn't look the part! We - convinced them his smile would win a million hearts... and it did @sushantsinghrajput." For this - Rajput wrote, "And I'm forever grateful to you ma'am." Ekta responded to his comment, "sushiiiii - lobeeee u." with several hearts emojis.  - - - - -  After the sudden demise of Sushant, Ekta was heartbroken and deeply shocked as she knew him - personally, from 2008. She shared a heartfelt post through her social media handle,  a picture of - her recent chat with Sushant and wrote,  - "Not fair sushi! One week everything changed! Not fair my baby!" -  Just 3 days after Sushant's death, a case was filed by advocate Sudhir Kumar Ojha against Ekta - Kapoor and 7 others. The complaint mentioned that situation was created which forced Rajput to take - the extreme step. According to the advocate, Ekta Kapoor was linked with Sushant's death. He - registered a case against 8 persons of Bollywood, he filed the case in a local court of Muzaffarpur, - Bihar. Ekta Kapoor, Salman Khan, Karan Johar, Aditya Chopra, Sajid Nadiadwala, Bhushan Kumar, Sanjay - Leela Bhansal, these bollywood celebrities whom the advocate considers guilty over Sushant's death. - The advocate alleged that such prominent Bollywood celebrities forced Sushant to "commit suicide - under a conspiracy" which amounted to murder. The complaint further stated that these persons did - not let Sushant's movies get released and he was not even invited to film functions because of them. - - - While, Ekta Kapoor expressed her resentment to this complaint filed against her, through her social - media post. This news disheartened Ekta Kapoor because she was the one who gave Sushant his biggest - break in Television. She took to Instagram and wrote, -  "Thank you for the case for not casting sushi..... when actually I LAUNCHED HIM. I'm beyond upset - at how convoluted theories can b! Pls@let family and frns mourn peace! Truth shall@prevail. CANNOT - BELIEVE THIS!!!!! - - - Ekta has also organised a prayer meet for Sushant Singh Rajput at her residence on June 18. Also, - Ankita Lokhande was seen leaving Ekta's residence after discussing the prayer meet. Ekta had posted - a collage of pictures with sushant captioned as,  - "Rest in peace Sushi!!! We will smile and make a wish when we see a shooting star and know it's - u!!!  Love u forever". - - - More than a month has passed and now it seems that the bruises and laceration created by the tragic - death of Sushant has started healing but controversies are still riveting the industry. People are - curious to know about the truth behind the death of their beloved actor.  - - - Now a month after Sushant Singh Rajput's demise, producer ekta kapoor has joined hands with Tarun - Katial, Zee5 India, to launch the Pavitra Rishta fund to spread mental health awareness among - people. Also Ekta and Ankita Lokhande (former girlfriend of Sushant) are in talks to bring Pavitra - Rishta back on television. The show was close to Sushant's heart as it gave him the platform to - scale new heights and both Ekta and Ankita feel that a new season will be the best tribute to the - deceased actor.

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Sushant Singh Rajput : Investigation
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It's more than a month now of  Sushant's mysterious death. But with time it is getting even more - unexplainable. The actor was found hanging in his Bandra residence stated mumbai police and - addressed it to be a suicide. But after examining it deeply it's difficult to call it a suicide. - - - Initially after actor's tragic death a case was filed against well known people of industry accusing - them of not letting SSR movies to release and not casting him in any projects. Till date more then - 60 statements are recorded by mumbai police for the same. The commotion for handing over the case to - central bureau of investigation is at peak. Even union minister Ram vilas paswan joined the demand - for a CBI probe in this case. - - - Recently Sushant's father KK Singh filed FIR against Rhea Chakraborty and her family accused of - cheating and harrasment, he even added that Rhea befriended his son to her own career in film - industry. For the above reason 3 investigators were sent to Mumbai for inquiry. After this the - investigation has turned into a tug of war between the Bihar and Mumbai police. The leader in the - two states clased over the probe with Bihar deputy chief minister summons the Mumbai police for not - cooperating with the state's investigators. - - - According to PTI reports Siddharth pithani a friend and flatmate if Sushant's wrote to Mumbai police - that he was forced by SSR family to give statement against Rhea Chakraborty. Where as on the other - hand after the case registered of money laundering against Rhea, she is not at home and recently a - video got viral from anonymous source where she state that "she believe in God and India's judicial - system" - - - Where as it is very frequently seen Sushant's sisters posting Sushant and appealing for justice. - Every fan in the country is wishing the same for the late actor. JUSTICE

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Sushant Singh Rajput, Salman Khan and Ekta Kapoor -
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Sushant was found dead in his Bandra residence. Reported by Mumbai police he was found hanging so - they called it suicide. Immediately after his death case was filed against 8 people of film - feternity by sushant's lawyer. Accusing them of not lettinghis movie to release and not casting him - in new projects. - - - The two most common out of the 8 are ekta kapoor and Salman Khan. After this accusition ekta wrote, - "disheartened to see this, case against me for not casting sushi were as I'm the one who launched - him as an lead actor in pavitra rishta." She even arranged a prayer meet at her residence for - Sushant. - - - But when we talk about Salman khan it is said that he is  not a man who forgets and forgive easily. - Salman is godfather to many a Starkids one of them is Suraj Panyicholi. Reportedly Suraj and - Shushant indulged in an argument and Salman jumped in between and warned Sushant to stay away. Later - it was rubbished calling it as a rumour by Suraj.  - - - After Sushant's demise one of his relatives Devej narain took his twitter account to say about - Salman's involvement in the case tagging PM, home minister, RAW, CM of Maharashtra mr. Thackeray to - order a probe  into Sushant's case. Adding further he mentioned that salman tried to blow up his - daughter's car and posted derogatory remarks. And later Narain's account was deleted from Twitter. - - - All these things are makeing the case even more unexplainable. At this point it is debatable to call - it a suicide or a well planned murder.

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Sushant Singh Rajput on Koffee with Karan
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Koffee with karan is a controversial chat show hosted by the bollywood director Karan Johar. This - show aims at having fun by talking personal lives of the bollywood stars. We are well aware of the - fact that indians are fond of knowing the personal lives of the people and that too the people they - look up to and admire. This talkshow, where big bollywood celebrities are invited, The host is seen - talking about  their personal affairs and the latest bollowood gossips which creates buzz to this - show. This show is famous for controversies. Once, the Indian Cricket team player Hardik Pandeya and - K. L Rahul got themselves into trouble when BCCI decided to suspend them as they were found speaking - about their private life publicly in that very show.  Besides, the duo was fined 20 lakh each by the - BCCI.  - The show organises fun chat games like rapid fire round,  rating actors according to their - preference under certain categories as provided by the host of the show. The bollywood celebrities - gossip about their favourite co-stars, crush and dressing sense. The highlighting point is that only - the celebrities who is close and friends to Karan are invited to his show. We know how much Karan is - close to the star families, thus we see in most of the episodes, how celebrities are frank enough to - talk about their personal lives infront of Karan. Not only that, Karan is intolerant  to the - outsiders who are trying to build their career in the world of Bollywood. Through the normal chat - games, the host finds a way to mock at the outsiders by raising topics as such worst dressing sense, - overrated and underrated actors and their movies. They are no one to sit on a couch and judge any - actor on the basis of his background. Moreover, the outsiders are not invited to his show. According - to a source, Karan does not want any outsider to gain fame through his show. He only invites big - bollywood faces which would gain popularity and TRP to his show.  - Karan, too many times, got trolled in his show itself by many bollywood celebrities such as Kangana - Ranaut, Amir Khan, Akshay Kumar and many others. According to them, this show is pure nonsense and - involves unnecessary bitching. Total of six seasons has been aired till now and after Sushant's - death, Karan faced too much trolling from the fans which led him to resign from the board of MAMI - festival and further,  the decision was made that the show Koffee with Karan would go off-air. As - people thought that Sushant and many outsiders like him feel alienated because of the people like - Karan who officially made a show to bully them verbally and making them lose confidence, they are no - one to judge them for the work they have done.

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