1518 lines
112 KiB
HTML
1518 lines
112 KiB
HTML
<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<title>RanchiMall Content Collaboration Output</title>
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
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<script src="https://use.fontawesome.com/41cc35d596.js"></script>
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<link
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href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Playfair+Display:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,600;0,700;0,900;1,400;1,700;1,900&family=Poppins:wght@400;500;600;700&display=swap"
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rel="stylesheet">
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<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Lora:wght@400;500;600;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
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<style>
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* {
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padding: 0;
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margin: 0;
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box-sizing: border-box;
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}
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.hide {
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display: none;
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}
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body {
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font-family: 'lora', serif;
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font-size: 16px;
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color: #2f2f2f;
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background-color: #f9f7f1;
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}
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header {
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font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif;
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font-weight: 900;
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text-align: center;
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font-size: 4rem;
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text-transform: uppercase;
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padding: 1rem 0;
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letter-spacing: 6;
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}
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p {
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margin: 1.2rem 0;
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overflow-wrap: break-word;
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word-wrap: break-word;
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}
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p:not(:first-of-type)::first-letter {
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margin-left: 4rem;
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}
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#homepage {
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display: grid;
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}
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.content {
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display: grid;
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max-width: calc(100% - 2.4rem);
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}
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.head {
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display: flex;
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flex-direction: column;
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text-align: center;
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justify-content: center;
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position: relative;
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margin-bottom: 1rem;
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}
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.subhead {
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display: flex;
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flex-direction: column;
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align-items: center;
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text-transform: uppercase;
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padding: 0.6rem 0;
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}
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.subhead::after {
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content: '';
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position: absolute;
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bottom: 0;
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width: 10%;
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height: 0.1rem;
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background: #2f2f2f;
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}
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.columns {
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padding-top: 2rem;
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display: grid;
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width: calc(100% - 3rem);
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grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(26rem, 1fr));
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}
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.column {
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font-size: 1.2rem;
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line-height: 1.8;
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display: flex;
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flex-direction: column;
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padding: 0 1.5rem;
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width: calc(100% - 3rem);
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}
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.column .headline {
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text-align: center;
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line-height: normal;
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font-family: 'lora', serif;
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display: flex;
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}
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.column .headline.hl1 {
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font-weight: 700;
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font-size: 30px;
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text-transform: uppercase;
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padding: 0.8rem 0;
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}
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.column .headline.hl2 {
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font-weight: 400;
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font-size: 24px;
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padding: 0.8rem 0;
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}
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.column .headline.hl2:before {
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border-top: 1px solid #2f2f2f;
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content: '';
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width: 100px;
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height: 7px;
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display: flex;
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margin: 0 auto;
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}
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.column .headline.hl2:after {
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border-bottom: 1px solid #2f2f2f;
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content: '';
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width: 100px;
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height: 13px;
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display: flex;
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margin: 0 auto;
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}
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.column .headline.hl3 {
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font-weight: 400;
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font-size: 36px;
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padding: 0.8rem 0;
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font-style: italic;
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font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif;
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}
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.column .headline.hl4 {
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font-weight: 500;
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font-size: 0.9rem;
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padding: 0.8rem 0;
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}
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.column .headline.hl4:before {
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border-top: 1px solid #2f2f2f;
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content: '';
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width: 100px;
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height: 7px;
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display: flex;
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margin: 0 auto;
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}
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.column .headline.hl4:after {
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border-bottom: 1px solid #2f2f2f;
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content: '';
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width: 100px;
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height: 10px;
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display: flex;
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margin: 0 auto;
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}
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.topnav {
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overflow: hidden;
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}
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/* Style the links inside the navigation bar */
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.topnav a {
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float: left;
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color: #f2f2f2;
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text-align: center;
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padding: 14px 16px;
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text-decoration: none;
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font-size: 17px;
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}
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.topnav a img {
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width: 12rem;
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}
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/*________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________*/
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/*MEDIAQUERIES*/
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@media all and (max-width: 640px) {
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header {
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font-size: 2.5rem;
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}
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.topnav a img {
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width: 8rem;
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}
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}
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@media all and (min-width: 640px) {
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#bodydiv {
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margin: 0 12vw;
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}
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.columns {
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margin: 0 2vw;
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}
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}
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@media all and (min-width: 1280px) {
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#bodydiv {
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margin: 0 20vw;
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}
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.columns {
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margin: 0 2vw;
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}
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}
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@media all and (min-width: 1920px) {
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#bodydiv {
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margin: 0 32vw;
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}
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.columns {
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margin: 0 4vw;
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}
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}
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</style>
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</head>
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<body translate="no">
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<div class="topnav">
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<a href="https://ranchimall.github.io/articles"><img id='ranchimalltimes-icon'
|
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src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAjoAAACTCAYAAACHxLPPAAAQxXpUWHRSYXcgcHJvZmlsZSB0eXBlIGV4aWYAAHjarZlpkhs5DoX/8xRzBIIbwONwjZgbzPHnQ0pVdrnttntiXFZJllKZTODhLXQ4//n3Df/iTxGxUKpa661F/pReehq8sPj605/fEsvz+/mTR0zvd7+8H3p+fynxlr9+/1vH61kG79dvX/i4hsyv7wd7f5LsfSL5PPFrBX5lf72/XyTvp9f7Uj5WdF4vWjf9fqnzfaL1PvBZyvtRPpf1evJ/hy9vKFXalQvllE6WHPmd8nsF+fUYPIzfko3j/D1/3QNPKX/cKwX5cnsfzzF+X6AvRf54FX6sfkk/L34a7yPyD7Vs7xrx4qcfSP3h/fx5/fQFDp8rSl8/OM/fH27n/bh3273ndXejNCra3oh6ii0fp+HAyc3l52uNH+VRea3PT+fH4oiLlu+44uRnSZdEV26QIluGXDnP85LFEks6SXlOaaX8vGdZU0+LLkku/iM3ae5508GUVzohZ95On2uR57r9ud4S48pbODQJJxO+8suf8Hcf/pOfcO/yEsmD2PTUinUlBwHL8M75b46iIXLffatPgT9+3u2P3wHLoVo4zMts3OCI83WKWeUbtvLT58xxlefXCEnQ/T4BC+LalcVIpgOxSa7SJGpKKkIdjQYNVp5ySZMOSK1ps8hUcm4paGJkuDbfUXmOTTW15G/DTTSi5paV3vQ8aFYpFfxoMTA0aq6l1tqqVgu119FyK6221rQ5yQ3NWrRqU1XTrsOyFavWTM2s2+ipZziw9ta1W+99jBQGFxqca3D84J2ZZp5l1tmmTpt9jgV8Vll1taXLVl9jp503NLHb1m2773EkHJjilFNPO3rs9DMuWLv5lltvu3rt9js+u/bu6l9+/kHX5N219HTKj9PPrvFuUP04hTidVO8ZHUtF6Lh6BwB08p5Fk1KSd857FntiKGpikdV7E7Z4x2hhOZLqlc/efevcH/UtVPujvqXfdS546/4fnQu07q99+0nXtuvcejr2mkKvacxMH8eMVsJMCxkqO62dUlEZtljOfHhOU+u3rnUGa+Kyq1yOTmuYljOlrb2z1niT3RmmxFtzP8X4Cv2Ox/Ts2u5pfOnoqnP3rGOcKz3NM9BgnVw350UL6F6LvaYabF1a0Fj1PSnNxXDNWWxsXu4Gb66mdqJeiedqvenUltPpFDG3LdKjHuCUg8jkNK1MbdnGnKNc6/GattUOJ00225itDrOdZ+WlWdsmm6PGBLeTs81YAWTL0pecWaKctUtlXVFLXHNHW0Y33RgM/v7tc/jdAX/0vFxF8rXWyhVK21jDblplZw5g8b22BXqld8NL7VGMPizNd8ngGJmAVU7Ku7UgdjI8oLNdMFFGi9SERzFZN58+7eZ95oYVl036Qd91n4SAyV5qpaFFo8zQdublpuU6VnH3lBgWpnRKctlKQKPzje06yRLq6Mduk3FXHsO93k11ywzMc+dS1hk2Hpt5ZhA2dkb70rLudEx2o7c7jTtXlQmCwIPOfEZVB72OG0qHx1K0O0D4OVz6nKOy7AJCoe15MyuT2S11FOA3NVOfDBjS7pxHawPjM6xchl6gmuNRTtAThrTcvO6OE2a5fLfPE++WTg0gIiZINoVb+eZUuOqYWW6gAMNihr+8OPA8/Yqx5uGdxZu1a6B0cxNHznVO6YPJhmY2i+uymDGIqGBrCgYPLI7I57VDYkfaFSZVUCNhlZCtgHjqaoULtFnNYCgmvF+4qpZ9ZQdv+oHs+N69FbKgeGIJUrirxl1ziTdCg4yZC7ZVVr1lQ1ZDzx21C/yasgWhYTj1mDsMtLgJPJsprWXY2+xaT+q7ZXwQTqcnFsEKctUFVoZxA7cjt2vgRtZDWBSu+zVNwGaj+A1yZDwHkFo3jVKB7lhnuSpZh/yoWO1HaNTcu4ULcMxkQK0Njrzcv/Mqi8/NjQBVuDmDENiCT+mwFMeUzIpITZmL6YLHQ2KhMNIsNGIxMyMbdOhKdCPMgFj5DB3djR5C5lA0x05o2/mIeo3Fu1oINb1IauN2LBEYWlF2YeV9OtHVrYwrSEbrBu3Ex3ktwf8+zfaJsxvo4iIQG5c76jb6PNMJMZ3pVaZbuoHPgv9zO2AxVaUeECxUyPwcP0GCSIFZD878LATumLWWpFFsjQkBH0X9+r4bWeFqONEDjXfs1EKMJwshoFUIpSK2zYKO0zqdgkPRhZMuszHgGJjn6O3Am4VB8L4SodjcceyMHsPPCAIyc7D0gdIyZBhvtOakzcVYmGHG7wIGlYV1p2DUDx4a4LzFMaD4ztpjbUwy1ISv1tCBvaCxza5bavd+KGmu3NkF4Whku5z7RkpV0k4Hnag2q3aEbhf63yhGmwEhLbqVgT8xITGABXN+hFG9LgAGjQ0uDJVZIZgxHAcjwThkONShN2BsXc+sMQAw+C3U/HKRe5mjC9f0puSAXely3VEXCgMI9GBWDEI9MAagv4x0zRgtZqGqwj00fpeDW0gwROsw74HblYWBRKiCaHeyuVaKMSJMhN8GPIu/yCED71kbmN7z7I2Own/ufWdZBb+CtsFuU2FLLIH0/K7+bFiX+g0a4cGGFHqKScgtbgWWTqTYo11wLwsmgQpkHGY4T8MzcMIFo2PBhTE8mnENQY1R25MbmHR8bVZSd1KlbKgdMlUOFgiugZL2QpIYZ7DUKL9/QbzG4FBDUX85I67ursNgQiCnI4VwaQd5FxeS/LaMWxGKt+CByCVhPbR0XoGfRr7BK1TaRGgwZJ3ypzQS2Q1AGDELejcQfiK4AJamd5G6DmvCyvkSSNZQE7NW4dzLKiMEvZwV4UUDA9xgkVH2Xly/1ekRjtD2KJ3K9rWfQZmB1HDqDAwyjgWNycKH8Yw2j3ZEiMW7LKt1PXhZJI4hLP6StXCK9gwTUg6ih90wkVRsDawb4ZMBpfR6zE9xsViCeEVWd1tfh8WALWR9D+ZtO2vbAQt7McwBKdzu4jAIEAL29Hi96cZkNgrHZwquAw+Re7vbx9717thEx1ANEMpHaP8qij/GhaSGc1ycMZuDBF1Gj0VBOKIMuuupve8KQSJx4B2phNcYcUPOboX8BYailARyj9RHqFBZGGzEEraDSiHCw/A0nDXcBZqxSAkokTcgFG4J0mBoR41RQQcUjory2eg4zCIHkGMm+820nICBPJ+2sL/e9NbOYVxpH2Yl3XFyGAiHf7QiYo5B534MK82K8DtgEs7uiA/GIUF48DKtSTQF2pdbvD4MCRAOPB15pJEJh/TsYdrjlHD9nxmfvEELRFeYX6SDlEERkUOviRsKGtpraM+IVDj2sX6M/akZmCs31L2j9x7u+5mpwzkQYSeGe3us9VnARj/uDb7nVXwpYzweNcbhTQDqmJY5uLGxN2o4M7QnbV+ACEs2F3MFA6Q/HH6OYXlkAbBjK1Lphe8JZkJEMPj0iHIu4+u2sUFEMNLIGIu4FOFy1oC/Ut/MCcj7KQquLybroMDapusy8OR+Lelzy0Qe0hX3x7w72ZIa6RpUOi7ekBKgIimjNG7N6oXtsPpHiIWgCFsBXWNsxxmnSh2kJcgc2huKQ5wEzZvclVus000ESAZRt734f+Cn9yUr4dc2uoEXWr3HbXXCgzMBzM3UTawUWatc8sylf74TQWBG0m6OXhmMyC5YpfWCpfq+5s3zepkwoJtJ8ynkZMCpeYg1hSFHD61xDvMOjw5Rk40YDMwe7N6ZJ/wNdWIqxbWQC9HUyCGocMnIi+85Yjar537nQd8YzXhrfCieppMMPLn5C2JhsXbIHscneJY7XcqJwVrhYocj/bAcHqOH73RJwmqRHMVDnou4Jm6FPImpAu6kcm50OP85opnxzn0ixRcdajssGBtLx2khZ+uAYbtA11sa8d8lDM8oKCHAYQFMFinBx7ZgavBYAEJgjxoYaagC/SrcAmtfxowAyubXKkK8wViQ5LvvwBEbEvwAq4jvc/G1US1xuQJnV4ScBB9rzLm4laZmscGSXjV3Q4yAywMaAM8cVoZJJnQ0v+4yq4wFSA5t0irShIdZj211UUw6Bm7AEeS8VsuQCK4lYwaJAGRXdxjwCp9igZE7lo6K7LoRT4YJ+2jHzSuEi+mClslH7m4e/81Eopc6e1dsy4aBDU1Dra5gb3fwwLw8ZXIdJqc50dG2+cgOqlvd2RFfWAIiOs42/DuN5BOiEfzpOoJFCeOioUxQGwmU4YUn/IhlwH9YefbVoVWcmzt60MxNswwh+xaABYvDA91tbEDMvJfc5SJmnjTdVXl14RuMplWiEQRZCTzI/7MpyP2AKibLnQ1ShVaMEsAZ7tQnaviGxk02/UwUEJbcOCaopGJ3tczEq02r2lkeeQA162a43f/OgDrjXLEjjGohDoxecFgJsCb3hEAQP0fhfmxJq6jddB7bD8EG3BTmD4c0YvYc8SgKDtH9I8YswinoHXRGmKq+JvDsW0RG+IJkIEsPyycG35WZmJgOIzItuB3f2XhUWX2LBDZcvsFCzGPmI8LE7Q2MCvrenEigPixHDJP053sAWAjfCsH9XL6xFRfSCA2PTrReXLN3cv3YqKQ7kdGiQYPoAjEi7xDpBCFQJymzepQk3TAxZAiAW7FCyDbrWi4LxEPcKOcqbuFNM6hBqYfn8uB77e4+MczLokde3NweDPL0gE20QiQxtp2C4/7AMM4SzFFPsmgFrDB1rzOIZR9CB6ezK9jGy+f4BZ/5e3xCGVDUra0rGdPjAsU6J3iAS/Ue0h6xAu9V48kLE0d41MmDPNt09+ROEqfr+2a34Wk4GREMP7y2gwvJXvM8lDmgtzc8B5GPeDM9DWFBM9RIHn3wqu4NvA0YDjJ1E+pAD3aAqZExtwbLNyxNDqIGLsCXEypOmblKkAm5gQHlRExe8iA7JuRPT/JeOIpQfrZRBT1B4ZjHS7OheCwnRvkSlVAHHBZJj9ED+sUD0XGhCbSkAnxnZ+KV26uN4hBNsQJ+3Vw94UGMgBUf5BvLBYWmmRSQyW/PXr1YWCklEMQMorxQ5v+60xZ+8gGzTNUhM99SZsgIjojbnMQC8uTyjUiqSRAFKFCweCIVfHY/Mok5y3cDdnUJS2J7EnyYt4r+pSJ0CI5g3kk2jJSrx7oepeC2OdYZyBH5xcUYd62P2nO8b1UNLy0uaFbOCJv4QEe8BWGMUWFSSCrL+RO7lX2zrk/f5LqUk1CojBXRPReumRyeY0zfLXZJ7fYE5DF9d/HiNXGJ40ykYHPhEfB36oZnJ1log4BV2PT49hdMriRa7ISR/wl+eDAPlwSdqxEKgRnXAtsOM2xN8dyzcABJpqsqJ8XvMEnKn4zduz6BubUENpuDmgmL+J51C2126srz+IYmtuS0AQJduqjNyhihUgeMAd85QzO2t+P/8RD2+Ft8HGriIuGxbZJRgnoYIWNDK8v0MUdILFD0lAYr1eI7j2Sh4ilj+d64jupWUtyp5A1aoK8WDFN5iIy+r9Q9RlryCEubKTQfbewlssxAk2ZcgiOpeDe0wtW0wyxYF9JiUP+/QG6M6BOTLlebh7nbK5erT1CuzrUI/6AavpcA10J1tDExXozKvifQ94PfRYvQag4+dY/tCEPIoPxOvROfzXlQ+RoH2JlPJHr+i5OwkTE3+M5wC5JYcTF4u+Vn9QHHLOCBcMoJ5DW3zH0L9pzS4o58rf7fBtgiilegKkY1NOrgD0/ytogfvWJafIv98ZXeOm7pYqNcB+WXz+F3B/zp8y9ORGSCkMN/AZftdFGQZt33AAABhGlDQ1BJQ0MgcHJvZmlsZQAAeJx9kT1Iw0AcxV8/pEUqImYQcchQnSyIijhqFYpQIdQKrTqYXPoFTQxJiouj4Fpw8GOx6uDirKuDqyAIfoA4OTopukiJ/0sKLWI8OO7Hu3uPu3dAsFFlmhUeAzTdNjOppJjLr4iRV0TRBwEiwjKzjFlJSsN3fN0jwNe7BM/yP/fn6FELFgMCIvEMM0ybeJ14atM2OO8TC6wsq8TnxKMmXZD4keuKx2+cSy4HeaZgZjNzxAKxWOpgpYNZ2dSIJ4njqqZTfjDnscp5i7NWrbHWPfkLYwV9eYnrNIeQwgIWIVFHCmqooAobCVp1UixkaD/p4x90/RK5FHJVwMgxjw1okF0/+B/87tYqTox7SbEk0PXiOB/DQGQXaNYd5/vYcZonQOgZuNLb/o0GMP1Jer2txY+A3m3g4rqtKXvA5Q4w8GTIpuxKIZrBYhF4P6NvygP9t0D3qtdbax+nD0CWukrfAAeHwEiJstd83h3t7O3fM63+fgA04nKO6Q3f2wAAAAZiS0dEAAAAAAAA+UO7fwAAAAlwSFlzAAALEwAACxMBAJqcGAAAAAd0SU1FB+QIERQxGSDNLNEAAB/HSURBVHja7Z17lBxFvcc/IZjwCC5BFBGyokDUkOUhCCgLIXIwJusbFLKCovgIF7y+kNX4vCpoUOQcTI5R8RlMUEEO4XUJCgQ2YhSPkISoEUxuFrwmgUBCRNCE3D9+1Xd6e6t6emZ6enp2v59z5uxOd01NT/VM9bd/9a1fwU5GIYQQQgghhBBCCCGEEEIIIYQQQgghhBBCCCGEEEIIIYQQQgghhBBCCCGEEEIIIYQQQgghhBBCCCGEEEIIIYQQQgghhBBCCCGEEEIIIYQQQgghhBBCCCGEEKJoRpfkOBYDM4BNwPqUcj3AEuBQYBWwJVCuC/gTMBl4ENioUy2EEEKIVtANbI49FgOdgbL3xcqtBfoC5S5J1Hkx0KGmFkIIIUTRXAXcBfQC96eImEgQ9SSEzNKEMOpwr7/K1RGVu8/VIYQQQghRCJ1OhMQFSFzExKM7i4F5sXK9wLqYMJrltvc5wRRFcHpi5aLojhBCCCFE05kH3ODZ3svgIaq57v+uRLkuKlGgSBitdWIpWe4uwlEgIYQQQohciYaiulP2r0sIHp/PpiMhYkJ1djhhFa+vS6dBCCGEEM1gKYOHonx0JcTO3EC5pNhZSth8fFVCFPXqVAghhBAiT85zIqPa8FEHg2dapYmdxYlyIbHjiwBJ7AghhBAiFzrx+2h8XIJFdOZVETs9bntUPovYWSexI4QQQoi8WeBERrW8NpGHJ5pmflVA7ETTyaOZVj1ki+wkh8Xk2RFCCCFEQ/QkxEuIaMgqPk3cF4WZS2VGVjwic4NH7KSJqWqGZyGEEEKIquJlbUK8hIhy6fQktp+XECbR44YqAmaze62PpChaoFMlhBBCiFqJzMLVvDDdAfESsc4jYroyCJi1+M3PPlHUo9MlhBBCiKz0VREvEfFZVp1V6qomTLo85ULT2ZOi6D6dMiGEEEJkIYqYrCN9OnkH5qWp5uHp9AiYxYGyd3nK+obNesg+1CWEEEKINmGXJtffRcXzcj6wPqXsXFd+FTCninDybfOJqJUBUZNki2fbB/X1EEIIISR0QnRgkZYO4GbgpioipycmiEL0Ek4Y6BMwyzzbZni2+QRYJ1rtXAghhBAeujDz72bSZ1nFh6uqDRfNwj/jKjTzKjoOX1kfvnJKIiiEEEK0Mc2I6HRRieSARWh8Q0Odrlw0Y+pm4FuBOucyOJPyzRmPZWWDn2WCviJCCCGEhE7ELAZnIp4P9KeUi0TOAP4hq0g0xSMrnw4ImMkBMeVDQ1JCCCGEhE5mup0giUddVgGzPcIjKheJoa3AWQyN+vQ5MRQXJYuwqE9o/aqsQidrOS0JIUR5+QT+IedPqGlEm3Nc4Lt9DbBPG9RfKnZt8PUzgJkMNQIPAG9MCIYPunJJQTKbSoSmw9XZ5xEfy6hEfXwCZFkThM5K/d6EEEKI4S90eqgMDU12giRt+GcFcJETJF2EzcgrMR/MAic2QhGUVVjUJxJDJ9QgxLKg9a2EEEWzJzAW2A48CexUkwjROqEzqwZxEQmjLHRRfXhoERb12VKl7i0e8RISOv0ZBdGyNj+/hwDfx+9fqpUB4K/AI8AfgN8DfwKe1s9IiJrYF/g88M7Ytp8AXwI2FvS7fzfVM9U3kynuBndcSpnpwHJ9XUSjZPXorM9QZhlwQYZyWzFDcRYRMZ+hs7bODJS9OaPYWuYRRDMziqeRzATXOfUCXwNuB9a4zuoUd2cqhEhnNPD+hMjBPf8ksFtBxzEN2KNFbTAWeH0VkSNE4UJnWRXhcgHmyVno7vxDLAKOwAzF/VXebwpDzczd+IfMtjI0IWFWQTQrJYIhj04645yg/Llr1yk0P9u2EO3Mi9zvxMeJwMEFHcdxwEta1AYvAabqqyDKJnT6A+JijhMuC6uUXQQcyeDojC8XzqqYaPKJjIsCx3cTg6MvPYQ9RHFB1JEidObo61ETRwHXAZ/RnZoQqdGMUCTl4AJ/Owc7wTWq4M8/CngtMFFfBVEUWT06692Fv9v9n7akwyInNPpduX78Q18rsaGpLrd/PukRlDTxMichXi5OObb4sczCb0QeSIg3kZ2PAPsDnwUeVXMIMYhtwBOBfauAxwo8llOBa4ENBb7nPiiaI0oqdCIxkSXK0Q8clLHO2RnLdRBe4yopXnxT032CqJPwKunzR8C5vxDz2GTlIOBQdxd4eJWyZ7gO/fPAU/qZCfH/bHA3gL6btiXAugKPZQpwLMWakidjw2ZClFLotJK5hKeAx8VLL+GhqPkJQRQSTgOEl6IYTjxAbTMaoiHJUZgx+UwsN9L4QPlzsQjdAjRtVoiIncAPsOnk5wBHAw8C3wN+hE01L5JpwK8KuiGRCVm0hHYwjp5HeAbVnJh46aoiXuKCqI/wMNj5+lpU7ajXA5e6TuuOlLJnkz1poxAjhWew6eSnYkM5xwLfpjWpGo4p8DcqE7KQ0PHQRdhvsyomXqKlJUgRL5FZuZfwkNUi0meDicH8BYughRZZPZrsSRuFEMUzETMHN9uULBOykNAJiJyQeNlKJfLSgQ2PpA1t9WcQTlvJ7hkSFTYBlxFOK3Ac8Fw1kxCl+K1u82w/FXhBk9+7Azjes32bOy4hRpzQqSZezqcyQ2su4ezKy6hEfSLh1BEQOW9ECQLrZQVwdWDfYZinRwjRWm4A7vRsj0zJzeQI4GTP9jtpbYZmIaHTMpGzmPSZUzfFRE7IvxNfHytN5MDghUVF7ezAMiX77hYPRj4dIcrAFvc79TGV5mVlTjMhL6HY6e1iBFK2WVeRyAlFaBZRidD0uoePaPX0LRlEznyUMycP/gasDtwZ7tfk997bve8J2NT3lzI4inQvZqD+LbAUeIjiZ7ekMQp4PmaQfy02BffwxPGvcRepu2ltqH+MO75u4FXAy7C1lZJt3e8efwWeLUk7R9+TU12E4ZjYvhXY7Kd+4Db3fR5uswXHA9dg69Qdndj3GiyFxJ+a8L4hE/Lv3ff5HSX5XrRr/yHaSOhkETnnx0ROaIbVViySk0XkRAuGisb5B/6IDu4i3ozv7gmYGXpalbLHuMfb3PPV2KKHV9OcabW7AZdg04fjrALe6y6okcA5DPgwcFqG4+91bbwIuAJbYLUo9gXehS0GOaGGtr7H3UwswWYbtYJO13fMJDy1+XD3iI77WuBy913Jm08An/Js/wq2jlwzGXCCOSl0IlPyn3MWeGkm5N8Cm2m+P6jd+g+RM2UZuqomcpbVIHKi5SOyiBxNJc+Pp8i2+GseHecRmIfrugydlI9JwNcxb8CxFJ8GPxJDH8dmrJ1Ww+vGYYtCXoctptrsYx8LnO6O8zPU7rd6NZYf5ofuvBXZ1rs6cXOHa7Na8rec5r4fM2mffGNZ2A78muJMyWkm5CXAv7GFTotiuPQfos2EThdwX4rIiXtt5uYkci6QyGnKRWX3At7jfa6DmZZDfUc5wfvWgjurfV20YDb1J087BPgGNuTQLMYDXwa+w+DhqXqYBvzCCYgi+p09sNXA5xFOapnl888B3jLMLmb3U5wpOc2EfH8L+qjh0H+INhM6WaIukddmLmFPTq0iR56c/BlDeIgqj/HsXZ04nUO+mVXHY0tVvKaANpqMDVV9DVsmo1EmuChLM8zez3dC6tyc2/ob2BBAMy8MHa5dPpZDXeOwdduOHEa/1SdcNMXHa7AoXh5UMyE/UbDIaff+QzRw8ssscqKoS1aR04vlyZHIKZ79gRcH9q1rsO5R7q764yllVgNXYf6DjcA/sQjTrtjMrzc7cTE+IBi+gI3XP9TkdvoqQ83Z2zCT492YR2KH234Q5iN4XUpU4jgXJbki9ro8oiEXuTYLcQ9wI/A7d36fxYYgJgPT3TGNDwiHL7lzdFeT2vg/AtuXYsNYK2Li+4XY0MqphIflJmBZvv9Ia7IX50WnO7dPu++az5Q8FRtqzMOUXM2EXBTDqf8QbSR08hI5q2IRnzTvjkRO8znKdQhJNgBrG6x7ErYIqe9ObMCJ2+sZanaNnj+Kres1392d+zwxR2OzPy7NUTD4SIqcb7nHw56y/a7z3c99/lB0ZRo2m2Ygp4vCu1Lea5W7g70bf6TuDve41P2Gz/Wct/0wM+46ivF1XYtF0f6C32h7DbCXu1B9KPA9mw78GBtmHw48TPNNyVPxm5Bvj33fR9F8j85w6j9EHbRi6KoZIqdHIqfl0Zy3B/b9rsGIzlhsAdGJgTvDdwM/I9uMnvXARzEjoo/XAgcW1GYDwHtcx/lwlbIbnLj4XmD/sS6SktdF4ZzAviXAO52QqTYc+ai7gMzGb3yNIlHNvMhtw3w6F2DT89Mu3E9ivqnLUgTqq4fRb3YHcCv+HDZ5mJL3DrTXBve+kRjYHTigiZ9zuPYfosRCpxkip0sip6XsgXkhTky5ODYyFj8BM0n6LmKX13GHvQ0z164J3JVNKkjkfMj9FrLmmHkK+CbhFeePyUE0jMWM/6GLwudqjBptx6bghsTDjCZeGLa5u/gryT6tfTs2bHN9YP/hDK+Vt9cQNiW/ssG6Qybk32G5lYpiOPYfosRCp5PsM6FqETkyHreOcaQPqdwN/KrB9zgwEK1YnnLRr8aDhFddP5zmz6C4zLVNrUMDAynt+SIan/V2GOZlCF0U1tRR53b3G7wlcGFo1tID38FmedWarPAJwovUHjDMhM42LHWHj5Oo35RcJhPycOw/RI0U5dGptnZVXJBcklHkdEjktFQgH4EZVqeldKLfBv63wffaI9Cp/IFwgsJqPEN4aut+rqNulun0eve9rcf/sBPL0urjhVhunnrbJErs5stifSONmUc3YZGd6Z59R7o2+VeObbwc89PUO9tvNWYqTXrO9sG8PH9v09/tPtiQ0ubEzUjepuSymJCHY/8hSix0+kjPeBwJkh7MEOgjnvEYLOojkVMce2L5X05xYnNKhqjFkhze9+aUO+xGWJ8SGdmtiR3VrQ3e0T7iLsTJEPnz3EXs0QYugscF9t2CeVga4Y/uRiV5d32wuxjlKXTupDFj9gbMN5UUOpNcO7Vzf5+M4jfDlHw81U3IRTHc+g9RUqHTnSJebqYyXNVB9WSA62OCKLSY56clcjJxSxPr/gbwXcq9HsyOGi4GRbxvVnbSnLWjJuAP8f8em47dKBsxb8Zkzx133otJPktjM4aeZeTMnIlMye9iaDTvVGzGWi2Lbu7tBJJPPN7qadc9ac/hwFb1H6KkQickXgYYnJ34EsIRmrOorC6eJogWYVN1RWvYhmXS/RGtW9dI1MfL8Q9brXYipVH+gUX5rkxs3079QwgiH/6Eeb+SloHIlFzLTVHIhPwr/MNgY53YFaJthU4v4ayt51MZhurE1pTxMR/LJ1JNEA2gBTpbya1YMrwVDL9Vn4c7owgne3wYS56Wxx3wSjV1KXnK/X593siTsCGnLDcuaSbk36AFMMUwFTozAtsXJcRLaBhqK5ayO0udceEkihU4V7rz2YoozihsuYIudzd5FOaj6GJ4zZBpJmPxR3Og8azWojzsTngm1X3YauLJWXC1mJLLZEJW/yEKETqdKaIkKV5OCJRbmBAv3fijOasSwkkUxy9ofAp5PeyDJZx7B0ONlKI2dsNMlD42qXmGDQenXLz/hi2RkRQ6tZiSy2RCVv8hChM6PpYx1LGelkAwiyC6SaeyZi4ke16UXbEMor61j3qxNYs2FHTce7hjuZD6V6UWg9klpS/4p5pnRNCoKblWE3KrUP8hoZMrIfGSNfIyQPYx/WU6lTXzALUlzNqJTS1P3hFOwXLpLKD53pxDMR/QVJ0+IXInzZT8iipCp1YTcsTzyG/5EvUfonChM7lBUVJLlEbenOazHFv88BzPvplY7pJmLtB4JLYwY7Uw8wA2lHkflpvlEfwJ3iYCX9dpFeL/STMlT8NWrPf58NJMyLdSDhOy+g8JnaZQZJRFszmaz9PYStrTGRrajhZovILmhKg7ga+kdFKrqaxRtIlskaV/65QKMYTfYl6dZELQNFNyyITcj61t1WrUf4xwmpnYqBZzsC8S4MukvEqnrKU8gEV1fJyBhYbzZizwfvxZe7dhC02+DktQuBFNbReiETYCt3m2R6Zk3zpOx+A3Id9D683s6j9E0zM4+lJv+7w7tQxnDWQURSJ/nsFmWQ0EOsLTyT9KOAl4U6CT+hgwD+XnaJR/pVyQRqt5RhQ7sZw3Pj/OqcALEtv2dkIhSVlMyOo/RNOFznzPthMyCpiQx8e3vEOnTmVhrAR+Htj39pxF5yjMAD3Bs+8abLFJ3YE1znbCs6sOUPOMOCJTcpKjsQzaceo1IReB+g9RiNDpZ2hUx5dbZwtDc+t04DfFzccSCVarUzTvongd/qnpE4CzyW/tor1SBO9itHBeXjxNeJX5A9U8I47IlJxkHGY6jpIOlt2ErP5DFCJ0wJZliAuTTvyZkBcyNG9OSBS9MbFtJhq+KvqO7/rAvunY+jh5sC/+aN0qypeArN15MLB9AvkvuinKT2RKTjIVMx9H3w1fhH6pe32rUf8hChM6650wiYudi/F7dc5PiJ0Z+KM6K4ELEtvm6nQWxg5s+MpnDt8PW4R1rxzeZ/dAPRuBzToNubIWvy9jEpYiv1FGu5uR7sTjeJRqv4xkMSUfjz9ichv5LASr/kO0jdCJhElc7HSmCJOk2JmLP1qzMCF2uiR2Cr8wXhfY9wbgxBzeYxyWtj7JGPdotBMUFQYCwvVYLAdJo+wFfBobMog/ZkvolJKd2NINviHqqcBLCZuQf005vC/qP0ShQscndnqqiJ24kXlxitg5O1ZnL3CeTmsh7MDSwi8PdDDvzCES8EwgyrA/llG1XvYA3qJTOIjNhDNlT3Nt1ggHBC46j2AzYET5WA/c69l+HPBBwibkNSU5fvUfonChE4mdI6hMJ+91IsY3jDU7JmI6XDnfMNZNTkBFd6MXA306tYVFAdK8Oic3WP9W/CbZg7FVhuthFDYk+jadPu8dvO/C8Cb8eUiysqv7PviEzgoJndKSZkp+H+XOhKz+Q7RM6EDFTBxFbLoJR2xuAk5ywqgDiwDN9QijlYk6+zBDnAzKzb84Xg/cHdh/lrt7qpdHCS8r8QaG5vTI0km9AfgsGi7xsRq4JXBh+0gD5/I4d9OSZA1wh5q91IRMyT7KYkJW/yFaLnQiZrs7xWVOkCwGZnnKRWbmC5xC7w0Ioy2xOgfc/qUoutNs/o4NYfk4EVvxfFSddT+Z0nG+Driohg5nD2xIdB7+vBrCptsuwJ8Q8kRsraBaxM4oJ3K+EmjzGwnP9hLlIGRK9lEWE7L6D1EaoQOWZycuYi5x4qTbU3YhNuw1JyaM+hga3emPldvqyixGSQWbxU4sXB266+vFP2SRte6lhMf834ulbj8iRUzt5jq1G4AvZujYxgF7juDzuQK4MrBvBrbe2ZQMfcce7sZlIf6ZOcuBH2N5mUS5f9+3U913s8aV21myY1f/IZq6qGctLHSPPsxMvNg9v5TBoccoseAiV7bPdaazGZqDZw42lBWVWeqez0ernefNBne+pnj2TXZitt4FP/+MZTGdHdg/zT1+j62gHvk9ounMJwHja3i/cYzsvDE7gO+5G4NzPfuPwmbb3YNF8vqxIYLoxukgbFbOWSl3vgPAl2nuavciP9ZiQ4wTU8r8GlhXwmNX/yFKI3RC4qQnIE7WY2HEOVgocZ57zZyE4ImGs+YnhNF8hmZiFo1xJ+bvmO7ZdwawBFsUtFa2YysLH0l6BuyjCa9OnGQb5i06nqHRpknYDKG/jOBz+ZS7ydg/pc1f7R618jjwX+7CKNqDZ7Co7QdTytxBOTMNq/8QLR+68hGJkyOx5SP6gPvwD1NF/p3IlzPPlZ3pKXe+p86Z+grkxibg6sC+icCZVFLH11P3p5xYapTH3fm/HHgsUOYVOp1swgzIP82xzgeBD2ARIa0x1F78kfDwdNlMyOo/ROmFjk+cLMKGtEKCp78OwbMIM0lK8OTH3YSnm58OHNZA3QPAfwI/aaCOP7hzfTVmmlwbKHc4mlUBNiT1Ecy0+XiDdV0NvBXLsyKR036kmZLLZkJW/yHaRujExclszDA2PyZ4fDO0ahE8c1ydEjz58QS2NIQvL8p+wGk0lpF0I/Bhd8G8p4bXrQYudN+N37oL7TbMeOvjZOAQnU7Ahi2uBF6D+WoGanjtNndRmIpNOHhEzdm2hEzJZTQhq/8QgxjVhsfc4UTOee7CmvTlxOnGIkAnxMTNogbrFOUR6YcAp7iL8Mtincvj7u5ruYsgrAL+pSbLhTGYwbwbeFWi3bdhOa1Wu4vfvdiwgRDqP4SoU/DMw1LXV4vG9AL3ZyjbgU2fjcr1qJmFEEII0Uo6sRwHWcTJedgUyM2EszHj7lbvz1BOCCGEEKIQehIiJpQgsANLTLjZPS7Gv9ZWBzbsFZWbGygnhBBCCFEI8aGntaQv/9AF3BUrOzNjuVlqZiGEEEK0knh0J7SkREQ8apM2THVeok4NZwkhhBCiZXRSicSkDVHhRMv9sbJ9GevUgqFCCCGEaCnzYsJkLeHoTgcVU3M1n0+8zqVowVAhhBBCtJDemDDZ7J5nFUZdGepci6aiCyGEEKJEYmdWRrGTJoxqqVMIIYQQolCxM7cJYmeumlkIIYQQ7SB2bpDYEUIIIdqX0SPwM6/EzMOR9yb6u8xTdpkTMWPd8xnYooYrG6hTCCGEEKKpdDB4mvhmwrOxzkuU24zfoNzB4Cnqm5FBWQghhBAtojshStYSniaeFEVL8efk6amhTiGEEEKIpnJDRgHTxdCoTl9GUbRAzSyEEEKIVtBTg4BZ5ynri9b0esp1q6mFEEKI4tllhH/+m4CtiW2hxT37PdtmBepMcpG+akIIIYSETitIzqDqxD+N3DeDyieKtgCrEtu6kVdHCCGEkNApgdABmOzZ5ovodOCfgbXFs00zsIQQQggJncLxiZKujIIoVHa9Z9sMNbUQQgghoVNW8QND/TwDgXLra6hTCCFE43wE2JnDY13G93sipY6nazjuRwN1XFZnO9wSqO83ORxTLY9GmATMAX4NbAL+hU3sWQ38GDidSiJfkYFo5tUN2IyrrpSyl2BrYPWS7rnpdfXNwxIOyp8jhBASOrWIik3AmBrbYAKwIwehs6FFQmcc8H3g2Qz1rwfOzVLpKP02hBBCDBOhc7n7/xvAHxL7PwtMdP9/AXgosf8y4AXA/wAHZXi/VwOHY5NSprht92C501aQfQmgycARwNnAtMS+M4Cf1dAGn3efLc5VwPWuPR7KWM8Y4BXAR4F3u203Aj+t8rrPAYfWqS92B+4EjnXPn3HvudyJvt1c0OBk1/YRP3Pn4Fn9BIQQQgx3oRPd7ftyl/XH9h/v2X8vtUV0Ij4Zq/fLDRz/hZ6oxW01vH4XJ9KSdbwlp2P6aobyN1N/ROfS2GsfAF6SUvYY4OFY+d2qNYwQQgjR7vwTeMw9NtTx+gfdazeX4LM85v6eQrboEsDrqNgkHm3Rcdf7vrsA74s9PwNbQinEvbWIQAkdIYQQw4FvA/u6x1/qeP2Z7rWvLMFnucr9HUVGH0pMKOykdUsPfRMbgju7xte9EBjv/h9gaC46H/dnrXxX/TaEEEKIUvFL4DTgQOA9mO9mR0r5FwBvcv8vAf7WouP+nXvUyj9j/48DRlf5vAB3UPEMpZZVREcIIYQoF2OA77r/DwCmVyn/buA57v/5mLG3nXicSq668cCHM7zmfiwKdybwbwkdIYQQon3YHbgS2O6ev79K+Wh46xEstclubfiZPxv7/zJsKPLAPCqW0BFCCCHKJ3T+Bix2z2cA+wfKngS8zP3/XWwYpxlCp4/0vDbbGqz/eiySEw1DfQAzJN+CLaD9UgkdIYQQYvgIHbBhKDA/7TmBspEJeQcWBYL2jOgAXIGlBlge+9yvB76F5QD6M+ZXOqCWSmVGFkIIIcopdH6JTXs/BBue+iqDc9TsjS2HADZk9UgThU61hIH/zul9foPlOToReBfmT4qEzUQsKWIflhTyC1neV0JHCCGEKKfQ2Yl5Vb4GHAxMBW6PlXtnrOy3YtubIXQeoDLtvQjudg+wta+mYcbjY93nm41Ff6YDT6VVpKErIYQQolzEhcoPsOUQYKgpORq2eojBCfTGDLP2WI0t73EclkQxWjj7JCx3DxI6QgghRPsQXyfqMeDn7v+3Avu4/48BjnT/f4fBQ1rDeR3L253YiXLvvIcqnh0JHSGEEKLcRKbksVSyDkfRnGewqE87Mwlb8f1pbDHRajwI3BQTdd0SOkIIIUT7soxKQr33AXtiK3YDXIut7l0GDsVmh52DGaWzsosTcWOpRKmqEV+TbJyEjhBCCNHeRFGdyZhf5bmJ7WXgTVh06QfUn+zviAxlRgMnx57/VUJHCCGEaG8WUEnKF5mSH6AyM6kMPD+HOt6PLWkxOrD/uVhixInu+UC1NtD0ciGEEMOZXbE8NB2xbYcBaxg8/FEPBwIHxZ5PADqpzArKygGBegaomIyfBBZiGYMjktGc0VgG4bjgeJl7Xsvw1hjg5a6d4m12VpXXHVtnO/4Rmz31Icxs/UPgi8B/YzOutrrPcCjwDirRrGewYbLt+poLIYQYibzKXQxDyxYsaKDugZR6axEVa1PqeTxR9sjYvn8kxNuLsZlIobpuq+GYNpC+3EOWx+Q62vTtmNE4S/1rqGJCjtDQlRBCiOHKWNJzyuzVQN175VRvLfXcR2V5hEXAlti+55CeKLCWYxrdovP1c2zW1ZuxKfMrgI1YxOZJbAmIRVhU5zCgX19xIYQQQgghhBBCCCGEEEIIIYQQQgghhBBCCCGEEEIIIYQQQgghhBBCCCGEEEIIIYQQQgghhBBCCCGEEEIIIYQQQgghhBBCCCGEEEIIIYQQQgghxDDg/wCvfdgEFdBqoQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="bodydiv">
|
||
<div class="head">
|
||
<div>
|
||
<header id='title'>Political History of Bengal</header>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="subhead" id='subtitle'>Exported by RanchiMall Content Collaboration on FLO Blockchain</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="content" id='sectionmaster'>
|
||
<div class="columns">
|
||
<div class="column" id='section1'>
|
||
<div class="head">
|
||
<div class="headline hl3">From Murshid to Mamata: A Political History of
|
||
Bengal</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Murshid Quli Khan was the first Nawab of Bengal.
|
||
He was originally born a Hindu as Surya Narayan Mishra.
|
||
The city of Murshidabad was named after him.
|
||
He was Nawab of Bengal from 1717 to 1727.
|
||
Unlike other Islamic rulers, Murshid Quli Khan had only one wife, Nasiri Banu Begum, and no
|
||
concubines. He had three children, two daughters and one son</p>
|
||
<p>Murshid Quli Khan Character:
|
||
He took no delight in hunting; He never indulged in wine nor in any intoxicating drugs; neither
|
||
did
|
||
he amuse himself with singers or dancers. He always kept constant to one lawful wife, and, out
|
||
of
|
||
excess of delicacy, would not suffer any strange woman, or even eunuchs, to enter the apartments
|
||
of
|
||
his seraglio - so much so, that any slave girl once out of the harem would not be
|
||
allowed to re-enter it. He possessed very extensive learning, and paid great respect to men who
|
||
were
|
||
eminent for their piety
|
||
or erudition. He was a brave soldier, a liberal benefactor, upright and just in his dealings,
|
||
and a
|
||
steady protector of the weak.
|
||
He made no retrenchments in any royal grant, nor in those of any former Subahdar, for charitable
|
||
purposes.
|
||
He despised all the refinements of luxury, particularly in dress; no highly seasoned dishes were
|
||
served on his table.
|
||
He slept but little, and carefully observed the stated times for prayer. From breakfast till
|
||
noon he
|
||
employed himself in copying the Koran, and in administering justice; and every year he sent
|
||
Korans
|
||
of his own writing, with valuable offerings, to Mecca, Medina, Najaf, and other holy places.
|
||
|
||
|
||
FROM: https://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-murshid-quli-khan.htm</p>
|
||
<p>Bidhan Chandra Roy was the Chief Minister of Bengal from 1948 to 1962 until his death. Dr. Roy
|
||
was
|
||
awarded with Bharat Ratna on Feb4, 1961.
|
||
|
||
He was a renowned Indian doctor, an educationist, a philanthropist and a freedom fighter. He is
|
||
considered to be the founder of five very prominent cities of Bengal; Durgapur, Howrah,
|
||
Ashoknagar,
|
||
Kalyani and Bidhannagar.
|
||
|
||
National Doctor's Day in India is celebrated each year in his memory, as he was the only few
|
||
people
|
||
from history who obtained a degree in FRCS and MRCP.
|
||
|
||
Dr. Roy was born in a bengali family in Bankipore, Patna, with his father working as an Excise
|
||
Inspector and a very pious and social worker mother.
|
||
|
||
The partition of Bengal was happening when Bidhan was still in his college, he was emotionally
|
||
touched by this but he controlled his emotions and chose to continue on his education, so he
|
||
could
|
||
serve the nation better this way.
|
||
|
||
One of the example of his strict determination is when he went to St. Bartholomev's Hospital,
|
||
England with only 1200rs and applied for his masters, he was kept being rejected by the Dean
|
||
because
|
||
he was an Asian. But Dr. Roy didn't stop by this, and after applying 30 times in a row, the Dean
|
||
had
|
||
to accept his application. After completing his Post Graduate, he became a member of Royal
|
||
College
|
||
of Physicians and a fellow of Royal College of Surgeons.
|
||
|
||
Dr. Roy then believed that Swaraj (the call for India's freedom) would remain a dream if people
|
||
were unhealthy with their body and mind. He taught and contributed at many medical institutions
|
||
like
|
||
Calcutta Medical College, Campbell Medical School, Carmichael Medical College, Jadavpur TB
|
||
Hospital,
|
||
Chittaranjan Seva Sadan, Kamla Nehru Memorial Hospital, Victoria Institution, and Chittaranjan
|
||
Cancer Hospital.
|
||
|
||
In 1942, when Rangoon fell to Japanese attack, it caused an exodus of people fearing Japanese
|
||
invasion, Dr. Roy was the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta. He there acquired
|
||
air-raid
|
||
shelters for schools and colleges to have their classes and also provided shelter and relief for
|
||
students, teachers and other employees. He was awarded Doctorate of Science in 1944 for his
|
||
noble
|
||
and dynamic contributions.
|
||
|
||
"My young friends, you are soldiers in the battle of freedom - freedom from want, fear,
|
||
ignorance,
|
||
frustration and helplessness. By a dint of hard work for the country, rendered in a spirit of
|
||
selfless service, may you march ahead with hope and courage". These was the words he spoke to
|
||
the
|
||
young crowd at a convocation in University of Lucknow in 1956.
|
||
|
||
He was also a friend and doctor of Mahatma Gandhi. Once when Gandhi was going under some fast
|
||
and
|
||
got unwell, Dr. Roy came with some medicine to treat him and Gandhi refused to take those
|
||
medicines
|
||
citing they are not Made in India and also told Dr. Roy that why don't he treats the fellow
|
||
Indian
|
||
citizens free?
|
||
In reply of this, Dr. Roy said to Gandhi "I have come here to treat someone who represents the
|
||
four
|
||
hundred million people of my country" and Gandhi accepted his medicines.
|
||
|
||
Post Independence in India, Congress Party proposed his name for Chief Minister of Bengal, which
|
||
he
|
||
refused but later accepted after Gandhiji's advice and became the Chief Minister of Bengal on 23
|
||
January, 1948. Bengal was seeing a pool of problems including communal violence, food shortage,
|
||
large flow of refugees in Bengal, unemployment etc. Dr. Roy did an amendable work by reuniting
|
||
the
|
||
party ranks, worked for every aspects he could and within 3 years normalcy settled down in
|
||
Bengal.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Just after receiving the most prestigious award of Bharat Ratna in 1961, one year later he died
|
||
on 1
|
||
July 1962 on his 80th birthday. He had gifted his house to be run as a nursing home in the name
|
||
of
|
||
his mother, Aghorkamini Devi. He had also formed a trust for his properties in Patna to carry
|
||
out
|
||
social service, with Ganga Sharan Singh, a eminent nationalist, being it's first trustee.
|
||
|
||
In memory of his excellence, The B. C. Roy National Award was introduced in 1962 and has been
|
||
awarding people for their excellent contributions in the field of medicine, politics, science,
|
||
philosophy, literature and arts, annually since 1976.</p>
|
||
<p>Jyoti Basu, (cofounder of Communist Party of India) who almost became the Prime Minister.
|
||
|
||
Jyoti Basu was the Chief Minister of Bengal from 1977 to 2000, for a record 23 years 4 months 17
|
||
days. He is known as the beacon of communism in Bengal. He would be the India's first Bengali
|
||
and
|
||
Marxist Prime Minister if CPI(M) hadn't decided to not join the government.
|
||
|
||
He was born at 43/1 Harrison Road Calcutta (Now Mahatma Gandhi Road). His father was a doctor at
|
||
Bardi village, Dhaka (Now Bangladesh).
|
||
|
||
His birth name was Jyotirindra Basu but his father changed his name in school and he became
|
||
Jyoti
|
||
Basu. He completed his bachelors in English Literature from Presidency College in Kolkata and
|
||
did
|
||
Law from England.
|
||
|
||
Having developed a strong belief in the Communist ideals, Basu returned to India in 1940 and
|
||
joined
|
||
the Communist Party of India, he also became the secretary of the Friends of the Soviet Union
|
||
and
|
||
Anti-Fascist Writers’ and Artists’ Association in Calcutta.
|
||
|
||
In 1944, Basu started working with trade and railways unions of Bengal. He established the
|
||
Bengal
|
||
Nagpur Railway Workers’ Union, and became its General Secretary. He was elected to the central
|
||
committee of the CPI Bengal in 1951.
|
||
|
||
Communist Party of India knew the loss and corruption done by congress, they formed an
|
||
anti-congress
|
||
front with Socialist Republican Paarty, Bolshevik Party of India and the Forward Bloc, no doubt
|
||
Jyoti Basu was a member of this front.
|
||
|
||
After the India-China War of 1962, differences arose in the CPI, leading Basu co-found
|
||
Communist
|
||
Party of India (Marxist).
|
||
|
||
|
||
When Basu came into power as a Chief Minister of Bengal, it was congress in ruling before him.
|
||
Basu
|
||
was a hardcore democratic supporter, he ordered probes into many matters which occurred during
|
||
the
|
||
previous congress govt. such as inordinate increase in prices of essential commodities, release
|
||
of
|
||
political prisoners, atrocities against anyone done by govt. He abolished the nefarious
|
||
Maintenance
|
||
of Internal Security Act which gave a full hand to the Congress govt to arrest anyone on mere
|
||
suspicions in the name of security.
|
||
|
||
|
||
As the Chief Minister, he from the beginning took bold reforming steps for Bengal. He
|
||
industrialized
|
||
programs for small, medium and cottage industries. Unemployment allowances, stoppage of
|
||
retrenchment
|
||
of workers, cutting down on the tax of essential commodities.
|
||
|
||
When Jyoti Basu started administrating Bengal, within 3years, nearly more than 10 lakh acre more
|
||
ceiling surplus land was identified and three-fourth of this land was distributed within a year.
|
||
This resulted in a distribution of surplus lands to landless people at such a large scale alone
|
||
in
|
||
Bengal, than that of few states of India combined to date. Bengal was the only state which put a
|
||
ceiling on landholding from the beginning which Basu changed after coming to a ruling position.
|
||
|
||
His innovative strategy was to take administration to village levels, where someone with oral
|
||
evidence could challenge the paper evidence in courts, and the powerful landlords could not
|
||
illegally acquired the lands anymore.
|
||
All measures of land reforms were taken together by Basu including distribution of homestead
|
||
lands.
|
||
|
||
|
||
It was a golden period for Bengal in 1980s when Bengal was marching ahead with a 4.2% highest
|
||
annual
|
||
rate of foodgrain growth comparing to other states at 2.5% average.
|
||
|
||
|
||
According to National Sample Survey, when CPI(M) came in rule with Basu as Chief Minister, it
|
||
was
|
||
40% of the population of whole Bengal who could not spend enough money to get 1800 calories
|
||
energy.
|
||
After 15 years to this time, Bengal saw a 17% decrease in this population. This was the biggest
|
||
reduction of extreme poverty anywhere in India over any period.
|
||
In the rural areas it dropped from 67% to 42% in fifteen years.
|
||
|
||
After the incident of Babri Mosque demolition, there was a rise of communal violence elsewhere
|
||
in
|
||
the country including the capital Delhi in 1984, but Bengal remained free of any communal
|
||
violence,
|
||
which is seen as a major achievement of Jyoti Basu's ruling period.
|
||
|
||
|
||
He had brought big initiatives in the history of Bengal, such as land reforms, minimum wages for
|
||
agricultural labourers, a three-tier panchayati system, dole for the unemployed and widows, and
|
||
the
|
||
establishment of a separate department for youth services.
|
||
|
||
Basu retired from politics in 2000, though he remained a member of the CPI(M) politburo till
|
||
2008.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="columns">
|
||
<div class="column" id='section2'>
|
||
<div class="head">
|
||
<div class="headline hl3">Hooghly, Calcutta, 2020, Painting Hooghly with words-Build
|
||
background and bridge to Writers Building</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>For the traveler with limited time, the best way to explore Calcutta is roughly to trace the
|
||
route of
|
||
the Hooghly, meandering on and off the main thoroughfares by foot, tram and subway, known here
|
||
as
|
||
the Metro. This is not a luxury destination. It is more a journey through the grimy layers of
|
||
time.
|
||
History is inscribed on every lane, like tattoos on a body. Calcutta was once quite a diva.</p>
|
||
<p>On the left side of Calcutta the iron trusses of Howrah Bridge towers over the Hooghly river. The
|
||
pale yellow waters are dotted by Bengali canopy boats and you see occasional steel riverboats
|
||
ferrying passengers from Howrah Railway Station to Fairlie Place in Kolkata side across the
|
||
river.
|
||
An alighting passenger has to walk just a block across Fairlie Palace, and he will see a grand
|
||
red
|
||
greco roman styled three storied building that holds keys to the power in West Bengal. On the
|
||
first
|
||
floor of the building towards the old Calcutta Stock Exchange lies the chambers of the Chief
|
||
Minister.</p>
|
||
<p>The atmosphere in Kolkata is set to turn political as we are inching towards 2021. Most subjects
|
||
being discussed in Nabanna must be concerning the state elections to be held next year. It,
|
||
however,
|
||
serves as a temporary State Secretariat to West bengal. The original Secretariat is a 150-meter
|
||
long
|
||
building that covers the entire northern stretch of the iconic Lal Dighi pond in the downtown
|
||
area
|
||
of B.B.D. Bagh called the Writers’ building or just the Writers. The building with historical
|
||
importance has a distinct Greco-Roman style, with several statues of Greek gods as well as a
|
||
sculpture of Roman goddess Minerva that constitutes the prime attraction of this historical
|
||
heritage.
|
||
|
||
The building, as of today, has been under renovation since October 2013.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="columns">
|
||
<div class="column" id='section3'>
|
||
<div class="head">
|
||
<div class="headline hl3">Writers Building, 2020, Calcutta, Painting Writers</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>The Writers Building is currently under renovation since 2013.
|
||
Next year sometime between April and June in 2021, about 294 constituencies will vote to decide
|
||
who
|
||
will become the next occupant of the chair in Writers Building</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="columns">
|
||
<div class="column" id='section4'>
|
||
<div class="head">
|
||
<div class="headline hl3">Chief Minster Cabin, Calcutta, 2021, Painting the process
|
||
who will sit here-painting Chief Minister Cabin-Bridge to current occupant</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Next year in sometime between March and June of 2021, about 67 million registered voters will
|
||
chose
|
||
294 representations to the state assembly. Writers Building has been under renovation since
|
||
2013. If
|
||
the renovation is finished by then, then 294 members of state legislative assembly will decide
|
||
the
|
||
next occupant of the Chief Minster's chamber in Writer's Building. The chair is currently
|
||
occupied
|
||
by a frail but fiestly lady who has never married Mamata Baneerjee.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="columns">
|
||
<div class="column" id='section5'>
|
||
<div class="head">
|
||
<div class="headline hl3">Mamata Banerji, Calcutta, 2020, Profile about current
|
||
occupant-one interesting fact from her life to trigger - like being unmarried</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>As a young firebrand 29 year old, she caught attention of political pundits by defeating a
|
||
stalwart
|
||
of the communist party, Mr Somnath Chatterji in the central parliamentary elections in 1984 in
|
||
the
|
||
aftermath of sympathy wave generated due to assassination of Indira Gandhi representing Congress
|
||
Party.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Later in 1997 the veteran leaders in Congress Party could not hold her, and she split to form
|
||
her
|
||
own party Trinamool Congress which over time became the principle opposition party in West
|
||
Bengal,
|
||
and by 2011 she entered Writers Building as a Chief Minister. It was kind of a reversal of
|
||
fortunes
|
||
as she was dragged out forcefully from the same corridors in 1993 during a protest against
|
||
police
|
||
killings.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="columns">
|
||
<div class="column" id='section6'>
|
||
<div class="head">
|
||
<div class="headline hl3">Hooghly-Origin of Calcutta, Calcutta, 1690, go back to
|
||
start how Calcutta was created in British times</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Establishment of Calcutta, now called as Kolkata in modern independent India, was a long and
|
||
messy
|
||
ordeal for the British East India Company. Calcutta, as we know it, didn’t exist as a city back
|
||
then. Infact, what we know as Calcutta today was actually formed by
|
||
merging a cluster of three small villages; Sutanutti, Kalikata & Gobindpur. Job Charnok, who
|
||
was an
|
||
employee & an administrator in the British East India Company, is largely credited for the
|
||
formation
|
||
of the Calcutta.
|
||
|
||
The British East India company first came to Calcutta in the period of Ibrahim Khan( 1617-1624)
|
||
the
|
||
Subahdar Governor of Bengal at the time when Mughal Emperor Jahangir was ruling. They first
|
||
setup
|
||
factories in the city of Surat( 1620) and then later in Agra. Scouts were sent across the area
|
||
to
|
||
find out more suitable places to setup trade bases, though this plan was soon abandoned due to
|
||
logistical reasons. In January 1644, Emperor Jahangir’s daughter got severely burned in a
|
||
unfortunate incident when a British doctor named Gabriel Boughton was called upon for treatment.
|
||
Boughton was successfully able to treat the Emperor’s daughter for which as a reward the British
|
||
EIC
|
||
were allowed to establish a factory in Pipilli, Oddisha. This was the first time English ships
|
||
arrived at Eastern ports. Boughton’s medical services were availed again by the new Subedar of
|
||
Bengal, and in return the company was allowed to establish factories in Balasore, Odisha and
|
||
Hooghly, Bengal.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="columns">
|
||
<div class="column" id='section7'>
|
||
<div class="head">
|
||
<div class="headline hl3">Aurangzeb, Dhaka, 1690, Explain State of Mughal affairs -
|
||
and how Bengal became independent country</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Emperor Aurangzeb was the one sitting on throne during the major period of tension and conflict
|
||
between the Mughals and the British East India Company. The EIC wanted to establish a trade base
|
||
on
|
||
the eastern shore of India because of its strategic trading and military advantages.
|
||
|
||
|
||
In the year 1982 when Shaista Khan, the Governer of Bengal, was going to Delhi the EIC requested
|
||
him
|
||
to ask the Emperor to give permission to permanently trade in Bengal. Till this point they were
|
||
allowed to open factories in multiple places, but British couldn't be sure of their position.
|
||
The
|
||
Emperor was pleased to provide them with a Firman and this event was celebrated with 300 gun
|
||
shots
|
||
in Hoogly. Though one shouldn't be fooled by this happy start to the agreement, this was the
|
||
start
|
||
of a very long & painful cat and mouse chase between both.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Tensions started arising soon, as the Firman granted wasn't very clear. A conflict with a local
|
||
zamindar ended resulted in a putting a few Englishmen behind bars. Further the EIC requested the
|
||
state to give them a permission to build a fort on the mouth of Hooghly on the grounds of
|
||
protecting
|
||
their trade. But Shaista Khan didn't trust the intentions of British, he knew letting them build
|
||
a
|
||
fort right on the mouth of Hoogly would make the Mughals a little more vulnerable. Upon hearing
|
||
this
|
||
request he immediately turned it down and imposed another 3.5% tax on top of the agreed 3000
|
||
rupees,
|
||
breaking the Firni.
|
||
|
||
|
||
The company got very enraged with this situation and requested King James II in the year 1685 to
|
||
permit the use of force against the Mughals. The plan was to attack Chittagong, fortify it and
|
||
make
|
||
an alliance with the King of Arakan who was against the Mughals. Jon Carmock, who was in the
|
||
Madras
|
||
division at that time was told to join this expedition along with 400 soldiers from Madras
|
||
division.
|
||
The plan went awry though; because of high winds and bad weather conditions a lot of the ships
|
||
ended
|
||
up in Hoogly instead of Chittagong. Upon seeing large number of battle ships on the bank,
|
||
Governer
|
||
Shaista Khan got alarmed and immediately offered them truce. This didn't last long though, there
|
||
was
|
||
a dispute between British troops and the Mughal troops which led to an altercation between them
|
||
and
|
||
the latter beat the crap out of the former. The admiral then opened up fire on the city burning
|
||
down
|
||
500 houses; a property loss of about 30 lakh rupees. Upon Shaista Khan immediately sent troops
|
||
to
|
||
drive out the British from the area and capture all their factories and assets.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="columns">
|
||
<div class="column" id='section8'>
|
||
<div class="head">
|
||
<div class="headline hl3">Murshid Quli Khan, Murshidabad, 1707-1717, Go upriver to
|
||
Murshidabad-Explain how the richest country in the world is born</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>The historical city of Murshidabad-the earstwhile nawabi capital –a city founded in the year 1704
|
||
by
|
||
Murshid Quli Khan, the Mughal diwan of Bengal. In 1704 Murshid Quli Khan had transferred the
|
||
capital
|
||
of Bengal from Dhaka to Murshidabad which he named the city after his name .The town is
|
||
situated on
|
||
the left bank of river Bhagirathi. Under the Nawabs Murshidabad’s glory reached to the highest
|
||
peak
|
||
in almost all arenas. As a trading centre Murshidabad became famous. Many scholars came here
|
||
,settled and mixed with the local people freely and hence there developed a cosmopolitan
|
||
culture. By
|
||
the middle of the 18th century Murshidabad became one of the greatest centres of culture and
|
||
education as the nawabs were the patrons of the learned.</p>
|
||
<p>In the Nawabi period Bengali literature also flourished .The learned men of this period made a
|
||
great
|
||
contribution in Urdu, Hindi, Persian literature. We ought to mention the Sufi literature of this
|
||
period .For the expansion of Islam Sufi litterateurs wrote books in Bengali to make the common
|
||
men
|
||
understand the Islamic knowledge and education. This proves that the state of education under
|
||
the
|
||
nawabs was excellent. During this period a different stream of Bengali language,Musalmani
|
||
Bangla,
|
||
arose which is a mix of Peresian, Urdu and Bengali languages. There was also a different form
|
||
of
|
||
literature ,mixed languages, which was popular among the lower section of the society. The elite
|
||
were less influenced by this literature. Persian was the official language of the era. The
|
||
Muslims
|
||
and Hindus both practiced this language which gave them the opportunity for a job in the
|
||
government
|
||
departments. Under the nawabs Murshidabad gained eminent position in the fields of education and
|
||
culture. Ghulam Hussain gives a long list of learned men, physicians, mathematicians and other
|
||
scholarly persons from this we can assume that educational institutions were there at
|
||
Murshidabad
|
||
during the period of review .Murshid Quli Khan established a Madrasha for the uplift of the
|
||
education. This institution , Kara Madrasha, as it was used as a guest house and was also
|
||
maintained
|
||
by the nawab.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="columns">
|
||
<div class="column" id='section9'>
|
||
<div class="head">
|
||
<div class="headline hl3">Alivardi Khan, Murshidabad, 1717-1756, continuation of
|
||
Murshid Story-Alivardi was last strong man Britishers feared in Bengal</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Alivardi Khan was the last strongman in Bengal whom the foreign powers feared. After his death,
|
||
in
|
||
1956, the dorrs to the paramount power in Bengal subah reopened.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="columns">
|
||
<div class="column" id='section10'>
|
||
<div class="head">
|
||
<div class="headline hl3">Battle Theme- Sheikh Mujibur Rehman-Bangladesh, Bangladesh,
|
||
1971-1975, Creation of Bangladesh and Pakistan role in Bengal till Sheikh Mujibur Rehman was
|
||
assassinated-Bridge to his daugher Sheikh Haseena</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>While Britishers first entered into India from the west the true expansion and seeds of
|
||
colonialism
|
||
were sown in the east, particularly from Bengal. It was the year 1775 when a young British
|
||
governor
|
||
named Robert Clive must return to India as the governor of Fort St. David with a mission to
|
||
uproot
|
||
French administration from India. However, destiny must pull his attention towards Calcutta (now
|
||
Kolkata), a city that was rivaling Madras as a major trade centre in India. Clive knew the
|
||
strategic
|
||
importance and opportunities associated with Calcutta which, however, was under the
|
||
administration
|
||
of Siraj Al-Dawlah, the then Mughal viceroy of Bengal. For decades Britishers have had a mutual
|
||
understanding and cooperation with the Mughals. In order to strengthen British administration in
|
||
Bengal the new governor must make a decision. Clive decides to fortify the city. In response,
|
||
Clive
|
||
receives a brutal retaliation from Siraj Al-Dawlah who attacked and captured the fort.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Fall of Calcutta was a major setback for the British empire. It was perhaps Clive’s biggest
|
||
challenge to wrest Calcutta back from Mughals and to restore British supremacy in the region. An
|
||
angry and humiliated British governor had decided to establish British dominance in the region
|
||
and
|
||
restore British honor. An army of 900 Europeans and 1500 Indian soldiers marched towards
|
||
Calcutta
|
||
and recaptured it on January 2, 1757. The nawab is humiliated and forced to pay compensation and
|
||
let
|
||
the British fortify the city. Six months later, the humiliated nawab declares war against the
|
||
British popularly known as the Battle of Plassey. However, it was a one sided war where British
|
||
cannons unleashed havoc on the Siraj’s army. Clive overthroned Siraj and replaced him with Mīr
|
||
Jaʿfar, an elderly general secretly hostile to Sirāj al-Dawlah. With Mir Ja’far under his
|
||
influence,
|
||
Clive virtually became the master of the Bengal province. The event marked the advent of British
|
||
empire in India.
|
||
|
||
|
||
The same Britishers in 1905, however, partitioned Bengal which came to be known as the first
|
||
partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon, then viceroy of India. The partition was done for
|
||
territorial
|
||
reorganization of the Bengal Presidency. The partition separated the largely Muslim eastern
|
||
areas
|
||
from the largely Hindu western areas. The sentiments of a separate state on the basis of
|
||
religion,
|
||
faith and language were sown.
|
||
|
||
|
||
It's the year 1929, in a primary school in Gopalganj district, a young boy is protesting against
|
||
the
|
||
removal of his school principal for his hostile behavior against students. He organized a
|
||
student
|
||
union in order to achieve so. Such protests and rebels against any injustice were soon to become
|
||
a
|
||
part of his political career ahead for he was to become Bangabandhu Mujibur Rehman, the father
|
||
of
|
||
Bangladesh.
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
“Amar desh tomar desh..Bangladesh Bangladesh”
|
||
“Amar desh tomar desh..Bangladesh Bangladesh”
|
||
|
||
|
||
“My country. Your country. Bangladesh Bangladesh”. Surrounded by a huge mass gathering in Dhaka
|
||
in
|
||
the year 1971, angered by the negligence and hostility of the West Pakistan army and government
|
||
Mujibur Rehman, this time well popular and experienced is marching towards the podium to address
|
||
his
|
||
supporters. Since the inception of Pakistan in 1947, west Pakistan had a racist approach towards
|
||
the
|
||
people of East Pakistan. Pre-independance Mujib supported Jinnah's idea of partition of India on
|
||
the
|
||
basis of religion. But his hero turned villain when post independence Jinnah forced Urdu as the
|
||
only
|
||
official language of the whole of Pakistan which included its east counterpart as well. Mujib
|
||
protested.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Mujib’s rebellious behavior against west Pakistan marked a new phase in his political career
|
||
which
|
||
irked many in the west who were actually in power. From 1947 to 1971, jail became his second
|
||
home.
|
||
He opposed the biased behavior of his west counterparts towards Bangla people.
|
||
In 1958, General Ayub Khan declared martial law in the country. This period saw a significant
|
||
rise
|
||
of Islamic fundamentalism and degrading humanitarian rights and law especially towards the
|
||
people of
|
||
East Pakistan. After almost a decade of violence and distrust against Bangla people, in 1966,
|
||
Mujib
|
||
gave up the hope of equal status with western counterparts and demanded full autonomy for East
|
||
Pakistan in the form of Our Charter of Survival from West Pakistan. His demands, however, were
|
||
outrageous - a separate stock exchange and army to name few. The charter must have made
|
||
Pakistani
|
||
Generals either laugh or fume over it. Because Mujib was indirectly asking for a separate
|
||
country.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Nevertheless, Mujib was again arrested, invoking huge mass protests in East Pakistan for his
|
||
release
|
||
scaring the Pakistan army of a civil war. They agreed to release Mujib unconditionally. When
|
||
Mujib
|
||
reached Dhaka he was welcomed by people with great emotions and support for him. Surrounded
|
||
amongst
|
||
thousands of supporters he was conferred Bangabandhu or the friend of Bangla.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Finally, in 1970, the decade-long martial law was lifted and the general elections were
|
||
announced.
|
||
The results, however, invited more political unrest in Pakistan. Mujib’s Awami league came
|
||
victorious but were denied to form a government. Tensions between East Pakistan and West
|
||
Pakistan
|
||
rose to all time high. Under these situations Mujib retaliated by calling for full autonomy and
|
||
independence. He gave the slogan of “Joy Bangla” and declared independence. The ideology of
|
||
Bangladesh was formed.
|
||
|
||
|
||
He was again arrested, this time, on the charges of sedition. To suppress civil support for him
|
||
Pakistan army launched Operation Searchlight which even today is remembered as one of the most
|
||
barbaric and inhuman assaults on citizens. Thousands of people were killed, women raped,
|
||
children
|
||
crushed on the roads. Streets and houses of Dhaka were painted in red by the blood stains of
|
||
innocent Banglas. The Pakistan army men infiltrated each and every house of East Pakistanis and
|
||
launched fire. To this menace the people had no choice but to evade their homeland and flee to
|
||
more
|
||
secure neighbouring Indian states.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Thousands of East Pakistani crossed the border to find refuge in east India. It was the largest
|
||
humanitarian refugee crisis of that time. The sudden incursion of refugees alarmed people
|
||
sitting in
|
||
New Delhi. It was no more an internal issue of Pakistan. In the winters of 1971, Indira Gandhi,
|
||
the
|
||
then Prime Minister of India, declared war with Pakistan to support the local Bangla freedom
|
||
fighters called the Mukti Vahini. Field Marshal General Sam Manekshaw was given the
|
||
responsibility
|
||
to liberate Bangladesh from the brutalities of the west Pakistani regime. 13 days later about
|
||
91000
|
||
Pakistani soldiers surrendered to India. Yahiya Khan resigned. Under international pressure the
|
||
Pakistan government released Mujibur Rehman on 8th January, 1972. Bangladesh was born and
|
||
Mujibur
|
||
Rehman emerged as first the President and later the Prime Minister of Bangladesh.</p>
|
||
<p>The same Britishers in 1905, however, partitioned Bengal which came to be known as the first
|
||
partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon, then viceroy of India. The partition was done for
|
||
territorial
|
||
reorganization of the Bengal Presidency. The partition separated the largely Muslim eastern
|
||
areas
|
||
from the largely Hindu western areas. The sentiments of a separate state on the basis of
|
||
religion,
|
||
faith and language were sown.
|
||
|
||
|
||
It's the year 1929, in a primary school in Gopalganj district, a young boy is protesting against
|
||
the
|
||
removal of his school principal for his hostile behavior against students. He organized a
|
||
student
|
||
union in order to achieve so. Such protests and rebels against any injustice were soon to become
|
||
a
|
||
part of his political career ahead for he was to become Bangabandhu Mujibur Rehman, the father
|
||
of
|
||
Bangladesh.</p>
|
||
<p>The election result of 1971 was not honoured, leading to a civil war on March 26, and Sheikh
|
||
Mujib
|
||
declared Bangladesh’s independence from Pakistan . The declaration coincided with a ruthless
|
||
show of
|
||
strength by the Pakistani military, in which tanks rolled out on the streets of Dhaka and
|
||
several
|
||
students and intellectuals were killed.
|
||
A woman only 13, had already learned to fear people around her. She saw her father being to
|
||
death.One day in late afternoon people barged into her house. They snatched her two little
|
||
brothers,
|
||
tied them to a tree and beat them.She ran out of the front door , but the men caught her. They
|
||
tethered her arms to two trees. They ripped off her earrings and bracelets, and stripped off her
|
||
clothes.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Between 300,000 and 3,000,000 people were killed and around 200,000 to 400,000 women were raped.
|
||
|
||
|
||
India under then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi provided full support to Rahman and Bangladesh’s
|
||
independence movement, resulting in the creation of a sovereign government at Dhaka in January
|
||
1971.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>“Amar desh tomar desh..Bangladesh Bangladesh”
|
||
“Amar desh tomar desh..Bangladesh Bangladesh”
|
||
|
||
|
||
“My country. Your country. Bangladesh Bangladesh”. Surrounded by a huge mass gathering in Dhaka
|
||
in
|
||
the year 1971, angered by the negligence and hostility of the West Pakistan army and government
|
||
Mujibur Rehman, this time well popular and experienced, is marching towards the podium to
|
||
address
|
||
his supporters. Since the inception of Pakistan in 1947, west Pakistan had a racist approach
|
||
towards
|
||
the people of East Pakistan. Pre-independance Mujib supported Jinnah's idea of partition of
|
||
India on
|
||
the basis of religion. But soon, his national hero and ideal turned villain when post
|
||
independence
|
||
Jinnah announced Urdu as the only official language of the whole of Pakistan which included its
|
||
east
|
||
counterpart as well. Mujib protested.</p>
|
||
<p>One of the great grandsons of Mir Zafar was Iskandar Mirza, who assumed the first Presidency of
|
||
Pakistan after giving his country a constitution in 1956, full 9 years after Pakistan's
|
||
Independence. A proud and stout Bengali, he found it difficult to get along with the Prime
|
||
Ministers he appointed. Like a musical game of chairs, he changed four Prime Ministers in his
|
||
Presidency from March of 1956 to October of 1958. His third Prime Minister was Huseyn Suhrawady,
|
||
an
|
||
influential Bengali Muslim freedom fighter who also once held Prime Ministership of united
|
||
Bengal
|
||
province during Britsh times.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="columns">
|
||
<div class="column" id='section11'>
|
||
<div class="head">
|
||
<div class="headline hl3">Sheikh Haseena, Dhaka-Bangladesh, 2020, Regeneration to be
|
||
the fast growing region in the world-Bridge to Mamata</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Sheikh Hasina was sworn in as prime minister of Bangladeh in January 2009. In 2017, in the midst
|
||
of
|
||
Hasina's premiership, more than 700,000 Rohingya arrived in Bangladesh, fleeing genocide in
|
||
neighbouring Myanmar .
|
||
The Bangladesh government provided refuge and assistance, however, it did not grant refugee
|
||
status
|
||
and worked to repatriate the Rohingyas on a voluntary basis.
|
||
Hasina's government received praise both internationally and domestically for helping the
|
||
Rohingya.
|
||
In past years Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina is in discussion with West Bengal Chief
|
||
Minister Mamata Banerjee to discuss a range of bilateral issues.
|
||
The Teesta river water sharing issue was discussed by the two leaders and New Delhi and Dhaka
|
||
both
|
||
are keen to seal an agreement on it since September 2011.
|
||
Sheikh Hasina has time and again acknowledged the friendly and cordial relation between the two
|
||
countries to continue and flourish.</p>
|
||
<p>Under Hasina, Bangladesh has made significant strides towards educating girls and giving women a
|
||
greater voice, both in the household and the public sphere whose efforts have translated into
|
||
improvements in children’s health and education, such that Bangladeshis’ average life expectancy
|
||
is
|
||
now 72 years, compared to 68 for Indians and 66 for Pakistanis.
|
||
The Bangladesh government deserves credit for supporting grass-roots initiatives in economic
|
||
inclusion which includes Bangladeshi adults with bank accounts, 34.1% made digital transactions
|
||
in
|
||
2017, compared to an average rate of 27.8% for South Asia.
|
||
Hasina’s government has offered a better environment for manufacturing firms to achieve
|
||
economies of
|
||
scale and create a large number of jobs, and though Bangladesh still needs much stronger
|
||
regulation
|
||
to protect workers from occupational hazards, the absence of which curtails labour-market
|
||
flexibility has been a boon for job creation and manufacturing success.</p>
|
||
<p>Mamta Banerjee has also extended her support to Sheikh Hasina by protesting Modi's govt on CAB
|
||
and
|
||
NRC Bill.
|
||
Mamta's stand on the above issue explains why the bilateral relation between Hasina and her is
|
||
going
|
||
to last long.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="columns">
|
||
<div class="column" id='section12'>
|
||
<div class="head">
|
||
<div class="headline hl3">Mamata Banerji, Calcutta, 2020, Another aspect of her life-
|
||
a short event - Bridge to her political predecessor system Communism and Jyoti Basu</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>The dynamics of democratic politics in West Bengal, a major state of eastern India had taken its
|
||
own
|
||
shape despite some aberrations due to the politics of violence in the sixties. Whenever there
|
||
has
|
||
been any communication gap between the ruling party and the people, as it occurred during
|
||
1964-66
|
||
and again during 1974-76, the electorate democratically registered its protest at the next
|
||
available
|
||
opportunity by rejecting the imperious attitude of the ruling party .Such a gap has been very
|
||
much
|
||
bridged by the direct and personal type of leadership adopted by the left politicians
|
||
ideological
|
||
slant of the political process in West Bengal has, in general, prevented the growth of regional
|
||
patriotism or politics Of parochialism, except for the minor political impact left by Ghisingh
|
||
and
|
||
his GNLF movement. It is one of the sings of politics in West Bengal.</p>
|
||
<p>The elected Leftist coalition since 1977 (often described as sound ‘political stability’), but
|
||
also
|
||
because of its widely acknowledged successes in fertility transition, execution of
|
||
re-distributive
|
||
land reform and political decentralization programmes. Ironically, yet, the state, in almost all
|
||
comparative assessments of social, human and infrastructural developments occupies a lagged
|
||
position
|
||
vis-à-vis many other states, especially in the south and even against all-India records. A
|
||
well-disciplined grassroots political mobilization network, and the machinery of the Left Front
|
||
parties, have been highly instrumental for comparatively fast declines of fertility and
|
||
population
|
||
growth and for lasting political stability in an otherwise ‘dilatory’ development regime.
|
||
However, a
|
||
government geared to ensuring mass electoral support overwhelmingly via a grassroots
|
||
mobilization
|
||
network but, with a relative neglect of social movements, economic infrastructure and human
|
||
development, is likely to suffer adverse consequences in the longer term.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="columns">
|
||
<div class="column" id='section13'>
|
||
<div class="head">
|
||
<div class="headline hl3">Jyoti Basu-Communism, West Bengal, 1977-2000, Impact of
|
||
Communism in Bengal-Bridge to Cornwallis Permanent Settlement</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>The ripple effects of Russian revolution in 1917 reached British India that was fighting against
|
||
a
|
||
similar “class” ideology. Consequently, in 1925 the foundation of communism was set in Kanpur.
|
||
However, due to weak leadership and dominance of Gandhian philosophy, communism in India was
|
||
finding
|
||
it difficult to sustain its roots in Indian politics. 20 years later, a young Jyoti Basu was
|
||
attending the lectures of Harold Laski, a prominent member of the British Labour Party turned
|
||
Marxist. This small event was going to change everything in Basu’s ideological philosophy as
|
||
well as
|
||
Indian politics in future. In the years that followed, Basu’s activities in politics
|
||
significantly
|
||
increased and, in 1939, selected as the General Secretary of the London Majlis he came into
|
||
contact
|
||
with prominent Indian political leaders like Nehru and Bose. He returned to India in 1940 and
|
||
joined
|
||
the Communist Party of India.</p>
|
||
<p>At the time of independence, all of India from north to south was governed popularly by one
|
||
party,
|
||
the Indian National Congress. Bengal was no different. Basu realized that if he had to establish
|
||
communist ideology in Bengal he must establish communications with the lower sections of the
|
||
society
|
||
especially with farmers and peasants. He got this opportunity in the form of Te-Bhag movement
|
||
under
|
||
which small farmers united against the zamindars or the landlords with the demand to only give
|
||
one-third of the land tax. The movement was heavily supported by CPI led by Jyoti Basu. Over the
|
||
years he established various worker unions and also played a pivotal role in uniting various
|
||
communist parties (like the Forward Bloc, the Socialist Replublican party and the United
|
||
Socialist
|
||
party) all across India to build an anti-Congress front. However, after the Sino-India war in
|
||
1962
|
||
CPI split into two parts - CPI(Marxist) and CPI(Maoist) following ideological differences.</p>
|
||
<p>The influence of CPI(M) in Bengal gave a stiff competition to Congress and in 1977 when CPI(M)
|
||
came
|
||
to power Jyoti Basu served a (then) record 23 years as the Chief Minister of Bengal. The prime
|
||
reason for such a long tenure of communism in Bengal can be found in its basic ideology which
|
||
stands
|
||
up for the rights of workers class. Under his long 33 years tenure Jyoti basu made several
|
||
landmark
|
||
reforms for the deprived class. Empowering villages from grassroot level by empowering the
|
||
Panchayat
|
||
System, boosting labour reforms and land reforms were among few of them which tightened his
|
||
political grip on the socially backward class. His secular personality further improved his
|
||
image
|
||
amongst people of all backgrounds and race.</p>
|
||
<p>Operation Barga was a land reform movement throughout rural West Bengal for recording the names
|
||
of
|
||
sharecroppers (bargadars) while avoiding the time-consuming method of recording through the
|
||
settlement machinery. It bestowed on the bargadars, the legal protection against eviction by the
|
||
landlords, and entitled them to the due share of the produce. Operation Barga was launched in
|
||
1978
|
||
and concluded by the mid-1980s.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Introduced in 1978, and given legal backing in 1979 and 1980, Operation Barga became a popular
|
||
but
|
||
controversial measure for land reforms. The ultimate aim of these land reforms was to facilitate
|
||
the
|
||
conversion of the state's bargadars into landowners. To date, Op Barga has recorded the names of
|
||
approximately 1.5 million bargadars. Since then, it has been marked as one of the more
|
||
successful
|
||
land reforms programs in India.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="columns">
|
||
<div class="column" id='section14'>
|
||
<div class="head">
|
||
<div class="headline hl3">Cornwallis, Bengal, 1790-1800, Permanent Settlement System
|
||
and how it impacted West Bengal</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>From time Immemorial the State in India has claimed a certain proportion of the produce of every
|
||
bigha or acre of land. The laws of Manu declare that a king is entitled to an eighth, a sixth,
|
||
or a
|
||
twelfth of the gross product. according to the difference of the soil and the labours necessary
|
||
to
|
||
cultivate it: in times of emergency, even a fourth. Alauddin Khilji levied a tax equal to half
|
||
the
|
||
gross produce of the lands in his kingdom. Under Sher Shah and Akbar the share of the State was
|
||
a
|
||
third; thereafter the demand increased, reaching up to a half.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Land Revenue was the chief source of public income in India till 1916.</p>
|
||
<p>The word Zemindar means literally a land-holder. In Bengal the Mughal conquerors used the term to
|
||
denote those persons, drawn from almost every level of society, whom they employed to collect
|
||
the
|
||
revenue from the land. In lieu of salaries, these zemindars were given grants of land free from
|
||
revenue, and allowed to retain a specified portion of the collections, to levy transit duties,
|
||
and
|
||
to dispose of the waste lands. In origin, ilierefore, the zemindari tenure in Bengal was an
|
||
official
|
||
one. Its sole foundation was the sanad, or charter of appointment. Its essential feature was the
|
||
collection and transmission of public revenue. In the heyday of Mughal ride sanads were often
|
||
revoked on failure to render prompt payments. Some zemindars, it is true, succeeded in
|
||
stabilising
|
||
their position, and claimed a customary and prescriptive right to collect the revenue. But this
|
||
in
|
||
itself did not divest the zemindari tenure of its official character; for under the Mughals all
|
||
offices tended to become hereditary.</p>
|
||
<p>Ijarah System was introduced in Mughal empire under Jahandhar Shah by Zulfiqar Khan.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Under this system the government gave the right to collect tax revenue on production to a third
|
||
party (middle man) and in return got an assured sum from the third party. The third party could
|
||
levy
|
||
any percentage of tax on the people.
|
||
|
||
|
||
This was different from the earlier system as incase of the older system tax was collected at a
|
||
fixed rate (fixed by the state) and could not be arbitrarily changed by individuals/tax
|
||
officials.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Ijarah system exposed the population to a tyrranous tax system because they were left at the
|
||
mercy
|
||
of the middlemen who continuously exploited them.</p>
|
||
<p>Revenue system of Mauryan Empire was devised by the Minister of Chandragupta Maurya, Kautilya.
|
||
The
|
||
principal items of revenue in town and country have been listed by Kautilya while describing the
|
||
duties of the Samaharta (collector-general).
|
||
|
||
|
||
The main heads of revenue were: A share of land output. Other dues and cesses levied on land
|
||
including a water-rate. The water rate varied according to the nature of the land and crop and
|
||
tax
|
||
on houses in towns. Income from crown lands, from forests, from mines and manufactures, some of
|
||
them
|
||
monopolies like salt, undertaken by government Customs at the frontiers and tariffs, tolls and
|
||
ferry dues in the interior levied on merchandise in transport Profits of coinage and gains from
|
||
trade operations carried on by the government Fees for licenses of various kinds to be taken
|
||
out by
|
||
artisans, craftsmen, professionals and traders Fines levied in law courts and Miscellaneous
|
||
receipts like presents like transferred possession.
|
||
In
|
||
emergency 'benevolences' were resorted to and the rich had to pay considerable amounts to the
|
||
state
|
||
under. Mauryas introduced images with a view to gain gold. Granting exemptions from payment of
|
||
revenue was common particularly land-revenue to Brahmins and religious institutions and to
|
||
state-officials. A register of such remissions and assignments was maintained.
|
||
|
||
Industries were taxed, using a vast mix of techniques, all of which
|
||
were derived from the original land revenue tax system. This entire system was the creation of
|
||
Kautilya, the prime minister of Chandragupta Maurya. As the taxation system developed the
|
||
government
|
||
had money to further develop the kingdom. The government also introduced state owned farms where
|
||
the
|
||
king owned the land and his subjects were employed for its cultivation. The government had the
|
||
resources to organize the procedure and once the land was ready it would employ the cultivator
|
||
to
|
||
work on the land. The Mauryas had developed
|
||
extensive trade relations. There were many foreign traders who took up residence in Mauryan
|
||
cities.
|
||
There were a variety of goods being exported thereby generating revenue. The exports were items
|
||
of
|
||
luxury like fine muslin cloth. The development of trade became profitable for the empire and
|
||
eventually a separate department looked after trade and commerce. Land revenue of Mauryan
|
||
Empire
|
||
Land revenues from the rural areas were appropriated in the form of crown
|
||
lands (sita), land revenue (bhaga) from cultivators, taxes on orchards, ferry charges and so
|
||
on.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Different types of taxes that were imposed on rural population are:
|
||
(i) Bhaga - It was levied at the rate of one-fourth to one-sixth. Sharecroppers and other
|
||
agricultural support by the state had to pay half of the produce to the state. \(ii)
|
||
Pindikara -
|
||
It was a tax levied on groups of villages and paid by farmers. This was customary. Often the
|
||
villages were supposed to supply provisions to the royal army when they pass through their
|
||
respective territories.
|
||
(iii) Hiranya - It was a tax paid in cash.
|
||
(iv) Bali - This was popular in the Vedic times and continued under the Mauryas.
|
||
(v) Pranaya - This literally means a gift of affection. It was levied imposed by the state
|
||
during
|
||
emergency. This was first mentioned by Panini, it was elaborated upon for the first time in
|
||
Arthashastra. Pranaya amounted to one-third or one-fourth of the produce according to the nature
|
||
of
|
||
the soil.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Export-Import Tax:- Import tax was 20 per cent, but there
|
||
is no
|
||
definite knowledge about the export tax. Import tax was called prabeshya, while export tax was
|
||
called nishkramya. Sales Tax:- The Sulkadhyaksha collected toll tax on every
|
||
item
|
||
before it was sold or purchased. There were three rates of toll tax or sale tax: 9.5 per cent on
|
||
iteIns sold on the basis of calculation; 5 per cent on the iteIns sold on the basis of
|
||
measurement;
|
||
and 6.5 per cent on items sold on the basis of weight. Income Tax:-
|
||
The following taxes were imposed on the sources of income in cities: (i) wine manufacturing tax;
|
||
(ii) salt manufacturing tax; (iii) taxes on ghee, oil and edible oil; (iv) taxes on animal
|
||
slaughterers; (v) taxes on artisans and artists; (vi) taxes on gamblers and gambling houses;
|
||
(vii)
|
||
taxes on prostitution, (viii) taxes on the income of temples; and (ix) taxes on additional
|
||
incomes
|
||
of the wage earners.</p>
|
||
<p>Taxation in Gupta Empire
|
||
|
||
The Economy during the Gupta period was moving from 18 sources or types of Taxes levied on the
|
||
peolple; the greater part of it was spent on works of public welfare. Land revenue was the main
|
||
source was generally fixed at one-sixth of the produce.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="columns">
|
||
<div class="column" id='section15'>
|
||
<div class="head">
|
||
<div class="headline hl3">William Bentick, Bengal, 1828-1835, Bentick social
|
||
reforms</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Lord William Bentinck was born in London, the second son of the 3rd Duke of Portland. He was
|
||
educated
|
||
at Rev. Dr Samuel Goodenough's school in Ealing, before moving on to Westminster School. After
|
||
completing his education, he embarked on a military career, moving swiftly up the ranks on
|
||
account
|
||
of his family's influence and his ability to purchase commissions.
|
||
|
||
|
||
In 1799, Lord William went to Italy, where he served for two years as liaison officer with the
|
||
Austro-Russian forces. In 1801 he embarked for Egypt to command the cavalry, but saw no active
|
||
service. His star continued to rise with his appointment, in 1803, as Governor of Madras. The
|
||
appointment had been secured largely by the lobbying of his father, but was not popular with the
|
||
East India Company and the Board of Control. Lord William had a number of significant
|
||
achievements
|
||
in India, but his work was largely overshadowed by the mutiny at Vellore in July 1806. He left
|
||
his
|
||
post in 1807.
|
||
|
||
|
||
In 1808 he served in the Battle of Corunna and by 1811 had been appointed envoy to the Court of
|
||
the
|
||
Two Sicilies. From here, he promoted plans for an independent and united Italy, until he was
|
||
recalled to Britain in 1815.
|
||
|
||
|
||
After a period at home in Britain when he served as a commissioner for drainage and navigation
|
||
in
|
||
the fens, he returned to India in 1828 as Governor General - a post which he then held until
|
||
1835.
|
||
In this role he undertook sweeping social, economic and political reforms which, it has been
|
||
argued,
|
||
laid the foundations for modern India.</p>
|
||
<p>He refused reappointment to the governorship of Madras in 1819, waiting to attain his real
|
||
ambition—the appointment as governor-general of Bengal, which came in 1827. Bentinck’s immediate
|
||
instructions were to rescue India from its financial difficulties; at this time the government
|
||
in
|
||
India operated on an annual deficit of about £1.5 million. Bentinck soon succeeded in turning
|
||
the
|
||
deficit into a surplus of about the same amount. The result of his efforts was the renewal of
|
||
the
|
||
East India Company’s government by the Charter Act of 1833, whereby Bentinck became the first
|
||
governor-general of India. He next turned to personnel reforms, which included making more
|
||
administrative and judicial positions available to Indians and improving the salaries and status
|
||
of
|
||
Indian judges. Bentinck also made English, instead of Persian, the language of the higher courts
|
||
and
|
||
of higher education and arranged for financial aid to colleges, which were to be adapted to the
|
||
Western models.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Bentinck showed great courage and humanity by his decision to abolish suttee (sati), the Hindu
|
||
custom of burning widows alive with the corpses of their husbands. Previous governors-general
|
||
had
|
||
shrunk from prohibiting the custom as an interference in religion and one particularly likely to
|
||
upset the Indian army, but Bentinck cut through these hesitations without facing much open
|
||
opposition. He was also responsible for the measures taken to suppress the murder of unwanted
|
||
children, human sacrifice, and the thags—bands of robbers, bound together by oaths and ritual,
|
||
who
|
||
murdered unsuspecting travelers in the name of the goddess Kālī. Flogging in the Indian army was
|
||
also abolished, long before it ended in the British army.</p>
|
||
<p>At his tenure Governor General of Bengal became Governor General of India. He was responsible
|
||
for
|
||
introduction of English as a language of instruction in India. He reformed the finances, opened
|
||
up
|
||
judicial posts to Indians, and suppressed such practices as suttee, or widow burning, and
|
||
thuggee,
|
||
or ritual murder by robber gangs</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="columns">
|
||
<div class="column" id='section16'>
|
||
<div class="head">
|
||
<div class="headline hl3">Lord Dalhousie, Bengal, 1857, events leading to first war
|
||
of independence</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Lord Canning 1858 to 1862
|
||
|
||
|
||
The Government of India Act, 1858
|
||
System of Budget introduced
|
||
Formation of Imperial Civil Services
|
||
Indigo Revolt in Bengal in 1859-60
|
||
Enactment of Indian Penal Code in 1860
|
||
Establishment of Archaeological Survey of India</p>
|
||
<p>He reorganised Calcutta Secretariat and appointed a Lieutenant Governor for Bengal to relieve the
|
||
administrative burden of the Governor General. He laid down the main lines of development of
|
||
railway
|
||
system in India. Telegraphs were setup and the postal system was reformed.</p>
|
||
<p>The Santhal rebellion (sometimes referred to as the Sonthal rebellion), commonly known as Santhal
|
||
Hool, was a rebellion in present-day Jharkhand, in eastern India against both the British
|
||
colonial
|
||
authority and zamindari system by the Santhal people. It started on June 30, 1855 and on
|
||
November
|
||
10, 1855 martial law was proclaimed which lasted until January 3, 1856 when martial law was
|
||
suspended and the movement was brutally ended by troops loyal to the British. The rebellion was
|
||
led
|
||
by the four Murmu Brothers - Sidhu, Kanhu, Chand and Bhairav</p>
|
||
<p>The insurrection of the Kolarian Santals of Bengal against the extortions of landlords and
|
||
moneylenders had been severely repressed, but the causes of the insurrection had still to be
|
||
reviewed and a remedy provided. By removing the tract of country from local rule, enforcing the
|
||
residence of British officers there, and employing the Santal headmen in a local police, he
|
||
created
|
||
a system of administration which proved successful in maintaining order.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="columns">
|
||
<div class="column" id='section17'>
|
||
<div class="head">
|
||
<div class="headline hl3">Lord Curzon, Bengal, 1905, partition of Bengal</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Partition of Bengal, (1905), division of Bengal carried out by the British viceroy in India, Lord
|
||
Curzon, despite strong Indian nationalist opposition. It began a transformation of the Indian
|
||
National Congress from a middle-class pressure group into a nationwide mass movement.</p>
|
||
<p>Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa had formed a single province of British India since 1765. By 1900 the
|
||
province had grown too large to handle under a single administration. East Bengal, because of
|
||
isolation and poor communications, had been neglected in favour of west Bengal and Bihar. Curzon
|
||
chose one of several schemes for partition: to unite Assam, which had been a part of the
|
||
province
|
||
until 1874, with 15 districts of east Bengal and thus form a new province with a population of
|
||
31
|
||
million. The capital was Dacca (now Dhaka, Bangl.), and the people were mainly Muslim.
|
||
|
||
|
||
The Hindus of west Bengal, who controlled most of Bengal’s commerce and professional and rural
|
||
life,
|
||
complained that the Bengali nation would be split in two, making them a minority in a province
|
||
including the whole of Bihar and Orissa. They regarded the partition as an attempt to strangle
|
||
nationalism in Bengal, where it was more developed than elsewhere. Agitation against the
|
||
partition
|
||
included mass meetings, rural unrest, and a swadeshi (native) movement to boycott the import of
|
||
British goods. The partition was carried through despite the agitation, and the extreme
|
||
opposition
|
||
went underground to form a terrorist movement.</p>
|
||
<p>In 1898 it was announced that he would succeed Lord Elgin as viceroy of India, and, in September
|
||
of
|
||
that year, he was created Baron Curzon of Kedleston. He was the youngest viceroy of India in
|
||
history, and he cherished the prospect of it, for it was an office filled with the pomp and
|
||
ceremony
|
||
he loved. India was the most-treasured jewel in Queen Victoria’s crown, and, after the pageantry
|
||
of
|
||
his arrival in Calcutta on January 3, 1899, Curzon wrote: “I suddenly saw what had come into my
|
||
hands, and what prodigies of energy and inspiration would be needed on my part to guide them.”
|
||
He
|
||
demanded obedience and a bent knee from the rajas, maharajas, and provincial governors he now
|
||
ruled,
|
||
but there was no doubt of his sense of mission toward the Indian people. He initiated
|
||
commissions of
|
||
inquiry into education, police, and civil services; he reduced taxes; he ordered immediate
|
||
punishment of any Briton (including members of the army) who ill-treated Indian nationals. In
|
||
external affairs he paid special attention to India’s frontiers, toured the Persian Gulf, and
|
||
sent a
|
||
successful mission to Tibet to frustrate Russian ambitions there. On his return from what he
|
||
called
|
||
a “triumphal” tour of the Indian provinces, he ordered the restoration of the Taj Mahal, which
|
||
was
|
||
decaying, and thereafter took a personal interest in India’s artistic and cultural heritage.</p>
|
||
<p>At the end of his first five years in India, his successes were recognized by the government at
|
||
home
|
||
by a renewal of his term, but, in fact, the period of blazing glory was over and now came
|
||
political
|
||
tragedy. At Curzon’s personal request, the job of commander in chief of the Indian army and
|
||
military
|
||
member of the viceroy’s cabinet had been given to England’s military hero of the day, Lord
|
||
Kitchener
|
||
of Khartoum. Curzon believed that to have such an illustrious soldier on his staff would
|
||
embellish
|
||
his own image, though his friends in England warned him repeatedly that Kitchener was, in Lord
|
||
Esher’s words, “an uncouth and ruthless man.” It was a clash of personalities, and the two were
|
||
soon
|
||
unscrupulously intriguing against each other. A final confrontation between the two men, which
|
||
ended
|
||
in Curzon’s bursting into tears, brought matters to a climax. Curzon, confident that the
|
||
government
|
||
would take his part, cabled that either his views must be accepted or he would go. On the
|
||
morning of
|
||
August 16, 1905, he received a cable from King Edward VII telling him that his resignation had
|
||
been
|
||
accepted. He delayed his return to England, and, by the time he was once again in London, the
|
||
Tories
|
||
were out of office, and his Indian achievements had been forgotten. He was not even given the
|
||
earldom usually awarded to retiring viceroys.</p>
|
||
<p>In 1911, the year that the capital was shifted from Calcutta (now Kolkata) to Delhi, east and
|
||
west
|
||
Bengal were reunited; Assam again became a chief commissionership, while Bihar and Orissa were
|
||
separated to form a new province. The aim was to combine appeasement of Bengali sentiment with
|
||
administrative convenience. This end was achieved for a time, but the Bengali Muslims, having
|
||
benefitted from partition, were angry and disappointed. This resentment remained throughout the
|
||
rest
|
||
of the British period. The final division of Bengal at the partitioning of the subcontinent in
|
||
1947,
|
||
which split Bengal into India in the west and East Pakistan (later Bangladesh) in the east, was
|
||
accompanied by intense violence.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="columns">
|
||
<div class="column" id='section18'>
|
||
<div class="head">
|
||
<div class="headline hl3">Writers Building-Bidhan Chandra Roy, Calcutta, 1950,
|
||
explain his contribution in governing West Bengal</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>B.C. Roy was a great planner for the improvement of education and culture of West Bengal. Due to
|
||
the
|
||
efforts of B.C. Roy Viswa Bharati, established by Rabindra Nath Tagore in 1921 was elevated as
|
||
Viswa
|
||
Bharati University under the Governance of the Government of India in 1951. It may be noted here
|
||
that the planning for the establishing of the above mentioned Kalyani University was initiated
|
||
by
|
||
B.C. Roy in 1954. It was B.C. Roy who took the special drive for the passing of the Jadavpur
|
||
University Bill in the Legislative Assembly in 1955. As a President of the National Education
|
||
Council, B.C. Roy himself moved the Jadavpur University Bill in the month of September 1955.
|
||
Jadavpur University was occasionally opened by Dr. Sarvapally Radhakrishan, the then Vice-
|
||
President
|
||
of India on 18th March 1956 for opening up a new era in the history of the higher education in
|
||
India
|
||
particularly in West Bengal. ‘Academy of Dance, Drama and Music’ was established in 1955. As a
|
||
result of B.C. Roy’s vision for commemorating to Gurudev Rabindra Nath Tagore a plan was
|
||
formulated
|
||
for establishing Rabindra Bharati University in 1959. He was also the founder President of
|
||
Indian
|
||
Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management in Calcutta.</p>
|
||
<p>Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first Education Minister of free India, was also the personal friend
|
||
of
|
||
Bidhan Chandra Roy, the Chief Minister of West Bengal. In course of discussion between the two
|
||
the
|
||
former approached the later to locate a site for setting up one of the five regional engineering
|
||
colleges sometime in the year of 1950-51. The Chief Minister B.C. Roy accepted the offer at once
|
||
and
|
||
selected Hijli at Kharagpur in the district of Midnapur which is a distance of 100 miles from
|
||
Calcutta for the purpose of setting up engineering college. Due to the insistence of Maulana
|
||
Abul
|
||
Kalam Azad prior to the approval of I.I.T. Kharagpur B.C. Roy agreed to take overall charge of
|
||
the
|
||
Institute as its Chairman in his personal capacity. With the help of his personal sagacity and
|
||
indomitable spirit for doing something for the betterment of the state, B.C. Roy selected Jnan
|
||
Chandra Ghosh, an eminent scholar and scientist as its first Director.</p>
|
||
<p>His Bihar Bengal merger scheme with Srikrishna Sinha failed</p>
|
||
<p>One of the main causes behind the shortage of food was the partition of the country which gave
|
||
almost
|
||
20 million acres of excellent rice-growing paddy fields to the East Pakistan and thereby rice
|
||
became
|
||
comparatively unavailable and more expensive in West Bengal. In addition the influx of lakhs of
|
||
refugees from East Pakistan to West Bengal, diversion of 200,000 acres of rice growing lands to
|
||
jute
|
||
cultivation and damage of crops due to natural calamities - collectively resulted in a yearly
|
||
deficit of 200,000 tons food grain in the state.</p>
|
||
<p>Zamindari Abolition Bill There were some important Bills relating to the land system passed
|
||
during
|
||
the chief ministership of B.C. Roy. In the ‘Bargaders Acts’ of 1950 some provisions were there
|
||
to
|
||
protect the share croppers. According to the Acts a ‘share croppers conflict –removal board’ was
|
||
set
|
||
up. Not only that ‘Zamindari Accusation Acts, and ‘Land Reforms Acts’ were passed in 1953 and
|
||
1955
|
||
respectively. According to the ‘Zamindari Accusation Acts of 1953, the permanent settlement and
|
||
Zamindari systems were declared null and void. There were provisions to give compensations to
|
||
the
|
||
Zamindars. However, on and from 1st Baishak, 1362 (Bengali Callender) i.e.1955 155 the
|
||
accusation
|
||
of Zamindari was started by the Government of West Bengal. The shares of the share-croppers were
|
||
fixed 60% instead of tebhaga i.e. 2/3. It was circulated that the owner of the vested lands
|
||
would be
|
||
allowed to retain 25 acres of cultivable lands and 15 acres of housing as well as garden lands.
|
||
Measures were taken to distribute the surplus lands among the share croppers and landless
|
||
peasants.
|
||
The abolition of Zamindari system by the West Bengal Government in 1953, marked the beginning of
|
||
one
|
||
of the most revolutionary measures in the history of the land reforms in the country to stop
|
||
exploitation of peasantry by the landlords.173With the passage of the Bill the power and
|
||
prestige of
|
||
the landed aristocracy began to decline steadily. The Zamindars started selling their palatial
|
||
buildings which they could no longer maintain. In that connection, the State Government was
|
||
advised
|
||
by the Central Government to examine the cases and purchase such properties for utilization of
|
||
nation- building purpose.</p>
|
||
<p>As Chief Minister of West Bengal, he laid the foundation of five cities, namely, Durgapur,
|
||
Kalyani,
|
||
Bidhannagar, Ashokenagar and Habra.</p>
|
||
<p>In the obituary to Dr Bidhan Chandra Roy, the British Medical Journal wrote, “… at his
|
||
professional
|
||
zenith, he may have had the largest consulting practice in the world, news of his visit to a
|
||
city or
|
||
even railway station bringing forth hordes of would-be patients.”</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</body>
|
||
|
||
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