diff --git a/lib/bcoin/abstractblock.js b/lib/bcoin/abstractblock.js
index 93a0fcdc..808c6f79 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/abstractblock.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/abstractblock.js
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ function AbstractBlock(data) {
 
   this.type = null;
   this.version = data.version;
-  this.prevBlock = utils.toHex(data.prevBlock);
-  this.merkleRoot = utils.toHex(data.merkleRoot);
+  this.prevBlock = data.prevBlock;
+  this.merkleRoot = data.merkleRoot;
   this.ts = data.ts;
   this.bits = data.bits;
   this.nonce = data.nonce;
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ AbstractBlock.prototype.hash = function hash(enc) {
   if (!this._hash)
     this._hash = utils.dsha256(this.abbr());
 
-  return enc === 'hex' ? utils.toHex(this._hash) : this._hash;
+  return enc === 'hex' ? this._hash.toString('hex') : this._hash;
 };
 
 /**
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/block.js b/lib/bcoin/block.js
index 633ceb1a..ab22162b 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/block.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/block.js
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ Block.prototype.getMerkleRoot = function getMerkleRoot(enc) {
     return;
 
   return enc === 'hex'
-    ? utils.toHex(root)
+    ? root.toString('hex')
     : root;
 };
 
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ Block.prototype.getCommitmentHash = function getCommitmentHash(enc) {
   commitmentHash = utils.dsha256(Buffer.concat([witnessRoot, witnessNonce]));
 
   return enc === 'hex'
-    ? utils.toHex(commitmentHash)
+    ? commitmentHash.toString('hex')
     : commitmentHash;
 };
 
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ Block.prototype.__defineGetter__('commitmentHash', function() {
   }
 
   if (commitmentHash)
-    this._commitmentHash = utils.toHex(commitmentHash);
+    this._commitmentHash = commitmentHash.toString('hex');
 
   return this._commitmentHash;
 });
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ Block.prototype.toRaw = function toRaw(enc) {
   var data = this.render();
 
   if (enc === 'hex')
-    data = utils.toHex(data);
+    data = data.toString('hex');
 
   return data;
 };
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/chain.js b/lib/bcoin/chain.js
index 5725fd39..0121e8df 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/chain.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/chain.js
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ Chain.prototype._preload = function _preload(callback) {
 
   function parseHeader(buf) {
     var headers = bcoin.protocol.parser.parseBlockHeaders(buf);
-    headers.hash = utils.toHex(utils.dsha256(buf.slice(0, 80)));
+    headers.hash = utils.dsha256(buf.slice(0, 80)).toString('hex');
     return headers;
   }
 
@@ -904,11 +904,6 @@ Chain.prototype._checkInputs = function _checkInputs(block, prev, flags, callbac
 };
 
 Chain.prototype._getCachedHeight = function _getCachedHeight(hash) {
-  if (Buffer.isBuffer(hash))
-    hash = utils.toHex(hash);
-  else if (hash.hash)
-    hash = hash.hash('hex');
-
   if (this.db.hasCache(hash))
     return this.db.getCache(hash).height;
 
@@ -1755,11 +1750,6 @@ Chain.prototype.hasBlock = function hasBlock(hash, callback) {
   if (typeof hash === 'number')
     return this.db.has(hash, callback);
 
-  if (Buffer.isBuffer(hash))
-    hash = utils.toHex(hash);
-  else if (hash.hash)
-    hash = hash.hash('hex');
-
   return this.db.has(hash, callback);
 };
 
@@ -1780,11 +1770,6 @@ Chain.prototype.hasOrphan = function hasOrphan(hash) {
  */
 
 Chain.prototype.hasPending = function hasPending(hash) {
-  if (Buffer.isBuffer(hash))
-    hash = utils.toHex(hash);
-  else if (hash.hash)
-    hash = hash.hash('hex');
-
   return this.locker.hasPending(hash);
 };
 
@@ -1797,12 +1782,6 @@ Chain.prototype.hasPending = function hasPending(hash) {
 Chain.prototype.getEntry = function getEntry(hash, callback) {
   if (typeof hash === 'number')
     return this.db.get(hash, callback);
-
-  if (Buffer.isBuffer(hash))
-    hash = utils.toHex(hash);
-  else if (hash.hash)
-    hash = hash.hash('hex');
-
   return this.db.get(hash, callback);
 };
 
@@ -1813,11 +1792,6 @@ Chain.prototype.getEntry = function getEntry(hash, callback) {
  */
 
 Chain.prototype.getOrphan = function getOrphan(hash) {
-  if (Buffer.isBuffer(hash))
-    hash = utils.toHex(hash);
-  else if (hash.hash)
-    hash = hash.hash('hex');
-
   return this.orphan.bmap[hash] || null;
 };
 
@@ -1935,13 +1909,6 @@ Chain.prototype.getLocator = function getLocator(start, callback, force) {
 
   callback = utils.wrap(callback, unlock);
 
-  if (start) {
-    if (Buffer.isBuffer(start))
-      start = utils.toHex(start);
-    else if (start.hash)
-      start = start.hash('hex');
-  }
-
   function build(err, top) {
     if (err)
       return callback(err);
@@ -2016,11 +1983,6 @@ Chain.prototype.getLocator = function getLocator(start, callback, force) {
 Chain.prototype.getOrphanRoot = function getOrphanRoot(hash) {
   var root;
 
-  if (Buffer.isBuffer(hash))
-    hash = utils.toHex(hash);
-  else if (hash.hash)
-    hash = hash.hash('hex');
-
   assert(hash);
 
   while (this.orphan.bmap[hash]) {
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/chainblock.js b/lib/bcoin/chainblock.js
index 97bab479..82872e77 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/chainblock.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/chainblock.js
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ ChainBlock.fromRaw = function fromRaw(chain, buf) {
   var hash = utils.dsha256(buf.slice(0, 80));
 
   return new ChainBlock(chain, {
-    hash: utils.toHex(hash),
+    hash: hash.toString('hex'),
     version: p.readU32(), // Technically signed
     prevBlock: p.readHash('hex'),
     merkleRoot: p.readHash('hex'),
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/chaindb.js b/lib/bcoin/chaindb.js
index e909fd5f..c8009f7a 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/chaindb.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/chaindb.js
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ ChainDB.prototype.getHash = function getHash(height, callback) {
     if (hash == null)
       return callback(null, null);
 
-    return callback(null, utils.toHex(hash));
+    return callback(null, hash.toString('hex'));
   });
 };
 
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ ChainDB.prototype.getTip = function getTip(callback) {
     if (!hash)
       return callback();
 
-    return self.get(utils.toHex(hash), callback);
+    return self.get(hash.toString('hex'), callback);
   });
 };
 
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ ChainDB.prototype.getNextHash = function getNextHash(hash, callback) {
     if (!nextHash)
       return callback();
 
-    return callback(null, utils.toHex(nextHash));
+    return callback(null, nextHash.toString('hex'));
   });
 };
 
@@ -1584,7 +1584,7 @@ ChainDB.prototype._pruneQueue = function _pruneQueue(block, batch, callback) {
     if (!hash)
       return callback();
 
-    hash = utils.toHex(hash);
+    hash = hash.toString('hex');
 
     self.db.get('b/b/' + hash, function(err, compact) {
       if (err && err.type !== 'NotFoundError')
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/coin.js b/lib/bcoin/coin.js
index 584011f6..3aeace74 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/coin.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/coin.js
@@ -63,9 +63,7 @@ function Coin(tx, index) {
     this.index = options.index;
   }
 
-  if (Buffer.isBuffer(this.hash))
-    this.hash = utils.toHex(this.hash);
-
+  assert(!this.hash || typeof this.hash === 'string');
   assert(typeof this.version === 'number');
   assert(utils.isFinite(this.height));
   assert(bn.isBN(this.value));
@@ -149,7 +147,7 @@ Coin.prototype.toJSON = function toJSON() {
     version: this.version,
     height: this.height,
     value: utils.btc(this.value),
-    script: utils.toHex(this.script.encode()),
+    script: this.script.encode().toString('hex'),
     coinbase: this.coinbase,
     hash: this.hash ? utils.revHex(this.hash) : null,
     index: this.index
@@ -195,7 +193,7 @@ Coin.prototype.toRaw = function toRaw(enc) {
   var data = bcoin.protocol.framer.coin(this, false);
 
   if (enc === 'hex')
-    data = utils.toHex(data);
+    data = data.toString('hex');
 
   return data;
 };
@@ -238,7 +236,7 @@ Coin.prototype.toExtended = function toExtended(enc) {
   var data = bcoin.protocol.framer.coin(this, true);
 
   if (enc === 'hex')
-    data = utils.toHex(data);
+    data = data.toString('hex');
 
   return data;
 };
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/coins.js b/lib/bcoin/coins.js
index 96ea81b3..2188ad35 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/coins.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/coins.js
@@ -31,9 +31,6 @@ function Coins(options, hash) {
   if (!(this instanceof Coins))
     return new Coins(options, hash);
 
-  if (Buffer.isBuffer(hash))
-    hash = utils.toHex(hash);
-
   this.version = options.version;
   this.height = options.height;
 
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/headers.js b/lib/bcoin/headers.js
index 8dafc0ef..cbcc3373 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/headers.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/headers.js
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ Headers.prototype.toRaw = function toRaw(enc) {
   data = this.render();
 
   if (enc === 'hex')
-    data = utils.toHex(data);
+    data = data.toString('hex');
 
   return data;
 };
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/http/client.js b/lib/bcoin/http/client.js
index cc6c9565..5ba31609 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/http/client.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/http/client.js
@@ -754,7 +754,7 @@ HTTPClient.prototype.getBlock = function getBlock(hash, callback) {
  */
 
 HTTPClient.prototype.broadcast = function broadcast(tx, callback) {
-  var body = { tx: utils.toHex(tx.toRaw()) };
+  var body = { tx: tx.toRaw('hex') };
 
   callback = utils.ensure(callback);
 
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/input.js b/lib/bcoin/input.js
index cfb640e6..6ce16a45 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/input.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/input.js
@@ -44,9 +44,6 @@ function Input(options, mutable) {
   if (options.coin)
     this.coin = bcoin.coin(options.coin);
 
-  if (Buffer.isBuffer(this.prevout.hash))
-    this.prevout.hash = utils.toHex(this.prevout.hash);
-
   assert(typeof this.prevout.hash === 'string');
   assert(typeof this.prevout.index === 'number');
 }
@@ -263,8 +260,8 @@ Input.prototype.toJSON = function toJSON() {
       index: this.prevout.index
     },
     coin: this.coin ? this.coin.toJSON() : null,
-    script: utils.toHex(this.script.encode()),
-    witness: utils.toHex(bcoin.protocol.framer.witness(this.witness)),
+    script: this.script.encode().toString('hex'),
+    witness: bcoin.protocol.framer.witness(this.witness).toString('hex'),
     sequence: this.sequence
   };
 };
@@ -309,7 +306,7 @@ Input.prototype.toRaw = function toRaw(enc) {
   var data = bcoin.protocol.framer.input(this);
 
   if (enc === 'hex')
-    data = utils.toHex(data);
+    data = data.toString('hex');
 
   return data;
 };
@@ -358,7 +355,7 @@ Input.prototype.toExtended = function toExtended(enc) {
   data = p.render();
 
   if (enc === 'hex')
-    data = utils.toHex(data);
+    data = data.toString('hex');
 
   return data;
 };
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/keypair.js b/lib/bcoin/keypair.js
index ddd83381..d6810bab 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/keypair.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/keypair.js
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ KeyPair.prototype.getPrivateKey = function getPrivateKey(enc) {
     return this.toSecret();
 
   if (enc === 'hex')
-    return utils.toHex(this.privateKey);
+    return this.privateKey.toString('hex');
 
   return this.privateKey;
 };
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ KeyPair.prototype.getPublicKey = function getPublicKey(enc) {
     return utils.toBase58(this.publicKey);
 
   if (enc === 'hex')
-    return utils.toHex(this.publicKey);
+    return this.publicKey.toString('hex');
 
   return this.publicKey;
 };
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/mempool.js b/lib/bcoin/mempool.js
index 917bcc3d..b009fd2d 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/mempool.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/mempool.js
@@ -1245,10 +1245,10 @@ Mempool.prototype.checkLocks = function checkLocks(tx, flags, callback) {
   var tip = this.chain.tip;
 
   var index = new bcoin.chainblock(this.chain, {
-    hash: utils.toHex(constants.ZERO_HASH),
+    hash: constants.NULL_HASH,
     version: tip.version,
     prevBlock: tip.hash,
-    merkleRoot: utils.toHex(constants.ZERO_HASH),
+    merkleRoot: constants.NULL_HASH,
     ts: utils.now(),
     bits: 0,
     nonce: 0,
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/merkleblock.js b/lib/bcoin/merkleblock.js
index 8e96ee22..dc0546cd 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/merkleblock.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/merkleblock.js
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ MerkleBlock.prototype.verifyPartial = function verifyPartial() {
 
     if (flag === 0 || depth === height) {
       if (depth === height) {
-        tx.push(utils.toHex(hashes[j]));
+        tx.push(hashes[j].toString('hex'));
         txMap[tx[tx.length - 1]] = true;
       }
       return hashes[j++];
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ MerkleBlock.prototype.verifyPartial = function verifyPartial() {
       return null;
 
     right = visit(depth + 1);
-    if (right && utils.isEqual(right, left))
+    if (right && utils.equals(right, left))
       return null;
 
     if (!right)
@@ -182,9 +182,9 @@ MerkleBlock.prototype.verifyPartial = function verifyPartial() {
     return utils.dsha256(Buffer.concat([left, right]));
   }
 
-  root = utils.toHex(visit(1));
+  root = visit(1);
 
-  if (!root || root !== this.merkleRoot) {
+  if (!root || root.toString('hex') !== this.merkleRoot) {
     this._partialVerified = false;
     return false;
   }
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ MerkleBlock.prototype.toRaw = function toRaw(enc) {
   data = this.render();
 
   if (enc === 'hex')
-    data = utils.toHex(data);
+    data = data.toString('hex');
 
   return data;
 };
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/miner.js b/lib/bcoin/miner.js
index 10971438..1d5fe877 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/miner.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/miner.js
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ Miner.prototype._init = function _init() {
       block.height,
       block.hash('hex'));
     // Emit the block hex as a failsafe (in case we can't send it)
-    bcoin.debug('Raw: %s', utils.toHex(block.render()));
+    bcoin.debug('Raw: %s', block.render().toString('hex'));
   });
 
   this.on('status', function(stat) {
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/mtx.js b/lib/bcoin/mtx.js
index e3fd9b76..b1708898 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/mtx.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/mtx.js
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ MTX.prototype.clone = function clone() {
 
 MTX.prototype.hash = function hash(enc) {
   var hash = utils.dsha256(this.renderNormal());
-  return enc === 'hex' ? utils.toHex(hash) : hash;
+  return enc === 'hex' ? hash.toString('hex') : hash;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ MTX.prototype.witnessHash = function witnessHash(enc) {
 
   if (this.isCoinbase()) {
     return enc === 'hex'
-      ? utils.toHex(constants.ZERO_HASH)
+      ? constants.NULL_HASH
       : utils.slice(constants.ZERO_HASH);
   }
 
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ MTX.prototype.witnessHash = function witnessHash(enc) {
 
   hash = utils.dsha256(this.renderWitness());
 
-  return enc === 'hex' ? utils.toHex(hash) : hash;
+  return enc === 'hex' ? hash.toString('hex') : hash;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ MTX.prototype.scriptInput = function scriptInput(index, addr) {
   // with segwit: figuring out where the redeem script and witness
   // redeem scripts go.
   if (prev.isScripthash()) {
-    if (addr.program && utils.isEqual(prev.code[1], addr.programHash)) {
+    if (addr.program && utils.equals(prev.code[1], addr.programHash)) {
       // Witness program nested in regular P2SH.
       redeemScript = addr.program.encode();
       vector = input.witness.items;
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ MTX.prototype.scriptInput = function scriptInput(index, addr) {
       } else {
         assert(false, 'Unknown program.');
       }
-    } else if (addr.script && utils.isEqual(prev.code[1], addr.scriptHash160)) {
+    } else if (addr.script && utils.equals(prev.code[1], addr.scriptHash160)) {
       // Regular P2SH.
       redeemScript = addr.script.encode();
       vector = input.script.code;
@@ -337,14 +337,14 @@ MTX.prototype.scriptInput = function scriptInput(index, addr) {
 
     if (prev.isWitnessScripthash()) {
       // Bare P2WSH.
-      if (!addr.script || !utils.isEqual(prev.code[1], addr.scriptHash256))
+      if (!addr.script || !utils.equals(prev.code[1], addr.scriptHash256))
         return false;
 
       witnessScript = addr.script.encode();
       prev = addr.script;
     } else if (prev.isWitnessPubkeyhash()) {
       // Bare P2WPKH.
-      if (!utils.isEqual(prev.code[1], addr.keyHash))
+      if (!utils.equals(prev.code[1], addr.keyHash))
         return false;
 
       prev = Script.createPubkeyhash(prev.code[1]);
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ MTX.prototype.scriptInput = function scriptInput(index, addr) {
 
   if (prev.isPubkey()) {
     // P2PK
-    if (!utils.isEqual(prev.code[0], addr.publicKey))
+    if (!utils.equals(prev.code[0], addr.publicKey))
       return false;
 
     // Already has a script template (at least)
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ MTX.prototype.scriptInput = function scriptInput(index, addr) {
     vector[0] = dummy;
   } else if (prev.isPubkeyhash()) {
     // P2PKH
-    if (!utils.isEqual(prev.code[2], addr.keyHash))
+    if (!utils.equals(prev.code[2], addr.keyHash))
       return false;
 
     // Already has a script template (at least)
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ MTX.prototype.signInput = function signInput(index, addr, type) {
       return true;
 
     // Make sure the pubkey is ours.
-    if (!utils.isEqual(addr.publicKey, prev.code[0]))
+    if (!utils.equals(addr.publicKey, prev.code[0]))
       return false;
 
     vector[0] = signature;
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ MTX.prototype.signInput = function signInput(index, addr, type) {
       return true;
 
     // Make sure the pubkey hash is ours.
-    if (!utils.isEqual(addr.keyHash, prev.code[2]))
+    if (!utils.equals(addr.keyHash, prev.code[2]))
       return false;
 
     vector[0] = signature;
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/output.js b/lib/bcoin/output.js
index 44cf1417..c973e633 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/output.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/output.js
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ Output.prototype.inspect = function inspect() {
 Output.prototype.toJSON = function toJSON() {
   return {
     value: utils.btc(this.value),
-    script: utils.toHex(this.script.encode())
+    script: this.script.encode().toString('hex')
   };
 };
 
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ Output.prototype.toRaw = function toRaw(enc) {
   var data = bcoin.protocol.framer.output(this);
 
   if (enc === 'hex')
-    data = utils.toHex(data);
+    data = data.toString('hex');
 
   return data;
 };
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/peer.js b/lib/bcoin/peer.js
index b9577982..9fdfa30d 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/peer.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/peer.js
@@ -1044,7 +1044,7 @@ Peer.prototype._handleGetData = function handleGetData(items) {
   for (i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
     item = items[i];
 
-    hash = utils.toHex(item.hash);
+    hash = item.hash;
     entry = this._broadcast.map[hash];
     isWitness = item.type & constants.WITNESS_MASK;
     value = null;
@@ -1065,7 +1065,7 @@ Peer.prototype._handleGetData = function handleGetData(items) {
       'Peer %s requested %s:%s as a %s packet.',
       this.host,
       entry.packetType,
-      utils.revHex(utils.toHex(entry.hash)),
+      utils.revHex(entry.hash),
       isWitness ? 'witness' : 'normal');
 
     if (isWitness)
@@ -1082,7 +1082,7 @@ Peer.prototype._handleGetData = function handleGetData(items) {
   utils.forEachSerial(check, function(item, next) {
     var isWitness = item.type & constants.WITNESS_MASK;
     var type = item.type & ~constants.WITNESS_MASK;
-    var hash = utils.toHex(item.hash);
+    var hash = item.hash;
     var i, tx, data;
 
     if (type === constants.inv.TX) {
@@ -1337,7 +1337,7 @@ Peer.prototype._handleReject = function handleReject(payload) {
   if (!payload.data)
     return;
 
-  hash = utils.toHex(payload.data);
+  hash = payload.data;
   entry = this._broadcast.map[hash];
 
   if (!entry)
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/pool.js b/lib/bcoin/pool.js
index 761bf57f..8a9759d7 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/pool.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/pool.js
@@ -736,8 +736,6 @@ Pool.prototype._handleBlocks = function _handleBlocks(hashes, peer, callback) {
   this._startTimer();
 
   utils.forEachSerial(hashes, function(hash, next, i) {
-    hash = utils.toHex(hash);
-
     // Resolve orphan chain.
     if (self.chain.hasOrphan(hash)) {
       bcoin.debug('Peer sent a hash that is already a known orphan.');
@@ -781,7 +779,6 @@ Pool.prototype._handleInv = function _handleInv(hashes, peer, callback) {
     return callback();
 
   utils.forEachSerial(hashes, function(hash, next) {
-    hash = utils.toHex(hash);
     if (self.options.headers)
       self.getHeaders(peer, null, hash, next);
     else
@@ -921,7 +918,7 @@ Pool.prototype._createPeer = function _createPeer(options) {
 
   peer.on('reject', function(payload) {
     var data = payload.data
-      ? utils.revHex(utils.toHex(payload.data))
+      ? utils.revHex(payload.data)
       : null;
 
     bcoin.debug(
@@ -946,7 +943,7 @@ Pool.prototype._createPeer = function _createPeer(options) {
 
     for (i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
       item = items[i];
-      req = self.request.map[utils.toHex(item.hash)];
+      req = self.request.map[item.hash];
       if (req && req.peer === peer)
         item.finish();
     }
@@ -991,7 +988,7 @@ Pool.prototype._createPeer = function _createPeer(options) {
     }
 
     for (i = 0; i < txs.length; i++) {
-      hash = utils.toHex(txs[i]);
+      hash = txs[i];
       if (self.markTX(hash, 0))
         self.getData(peer, self.tx.type, hash);
     }
@@ -1213,9 +1210,7 @@ Pool.prototype._addPeer = function _addPeer() {
 };
 
 Pool.prototype.markTX = function(hash, state) {
-  if (Buffer.isBuffer(hash))
-    hash = utils.toHex(hash);
-  else if (hash.hash)
+  if (hash.hash)
     hash = hash.hash('hex');
 
   if (this.tx.count >= 5000) {
@@ -1287,7 +1282,7 @@ Pool.prototype.watch = function watch(id) {
   }
 
   if (id) {
-    hid = utils.toHex(id);
+    hid = id.toString('hex');
 
     if (this.watchMap[hid]) {
       this.watchMap[hid]++;
@@ -1310,14 +1305,14 @@ Pool.prototype.watch = function watch(id) {
 
 Pool.prototype.unwatch = function unwatch(id) {
   var self = this;
-  var i;
+  var i, hid;
 
-  id = utils.toHex(id);
+  hid = id.toString('hex');
 
-  if (!this.watchMap[id] || --this.watchMap[id] !== 0)
+  if (!this.watchMap[hid] || --this.watchMap[hid] !== 0)
     return;
 
-  delete this.watchMap[id];
+  delete this.watchMap[hid];
 
   // Reset bloom filter
   this.bloom.reset();
@@ -1600,9 +1595,6 @@ Pool.prototype.getData = function getData(peer, type, hash, options, callback) {
   if (!options)
     options = {};
 
-  if (Buffer.isBuffer(hash))
-    hash = utils.toHex(hash);
-
   function done(err, exists) {
     if (err)
       return callback(err);
@@ -1719,9 +1711,7 @@ Pool.prototype._sendRequests = function _sendRequests(peer) {
 Pool.prototype.fulfill = function fulfill(hash) {
   var i, item;
 
-  if (Buffer.isBuffer(hash))
-    hash = utils.toHex(hash);
-  else if (hash.hash)
+  if (hash.hash)
     hash = hash.hash('hex');
 
   item = this.request.map[hash];
@@ -1782,8 +1772,6 @@ Pool.prototype.getTX = function getTX(hash, range, callback) {
   if (!this.options.spv)
     return callback(new Error('Cannot get tx with full node'));
 
-  hash = utils.toHex(hash);
-
   if (typeof range === 'function') {
     callback = range;
     range = null;
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/protocol/framer.js b/lib/bcoin/protocol/framer.js
index 3a69d163..77e43750 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/protocol/framer.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/protocol/framer.js
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Framer.prototype.header = function header(cmd, payload) {
   utils.writeU32(h, network.magic, 0);
 
   // Command
-  len = utils.copy(cmd, h, 4);
+  len = cmd.copy(h, 4);
   for (i = 4 + len; i < 4 + 12; i++)
     h[i] = 0;
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ Framer.prototype.header = function header(cmd, payload) {
   utils.writeU32(h, payload.length, 16);
 
   // Checksum
-  utils.copy(utils.checksum(payload), h, 20);
+  utils.checksum(payload).copy(h, 20);
 
   return h;
 };
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/protocol/parser.js b/lib/bcoin/protocol/parser.js
index 68592ea2..f9eaa615 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/protocol/parser.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/protocol/parser.js
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ Parser.prototype.feed = function feed(data) {
     len = 0;
 
     while (off < chunk.length) {
-      len = utils.copy(this.pending[0], chunk, off);
+      len = this.pending[0].copy(chunk, off);
       if (len === this.pending[0].length)
         this.pending.shift();
       else
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/script.js b/lib/bcoin/script.js
index 5d658343..16f1fc37 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/script.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/script.js
@@ -1377,7 +1377,7 @@ Script.prototype.interpret = function interpret(stack, flags, tx, index, version
       case opcodes.OP_EQUAL: {
         if (stack.length < 2)
           throw new ScriptError('Stack too small.', op, ip);
-        res = utils.isEqual(stack.pop(), stack.pop());
+        res = utils.equals(stack.pop(), stack.pop());
         if (op === opcodes.OP_EQUALVERIFY) {
           if (!res)
             throw new ScriptError('Equal verification failed.', op, ip);
@@ -1850,7 +1850,7 @@ Script.prototype.removeData = function removeData(data) {
   for (i = this.code.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
     if (!Buffer.isBuffer(this.code[i]))
       continue;
-    if (utils.isEqual(this.code[i], data)) {
+    if (utils.equals(this.code[i], data)) {
       this.code.splice(i, 1);
       total++;
     }
@@ -2322,15 +2322,15 @@ Script.getInputHash = function getInputHash(isWitness) {
     return;
 
   if (Script.isPubkeyhashInput(code))
-    return utils.toHex(utils.ripesha(code[1]));
+    return utils.ripesha(code[1]).toString('hex');
 
   if (Script.isMultisigInput(code, isWitness))
     return;
 
   if (Script.isScripthashInput(code, isWitness)) {
     return isWitness
-      ? utils.toHex(utils.sha256(code[code.length - 1]))
-      : utils.toHex(utils.ripesha(code[code.length - 1]));
+      ? utils.sha256(code[code.length - 1]).toString('hex')
+      : utils.ripesha(code[code.length - 1]).toString('hex')
   }
 };
 
@@ -2348,20 +2348,20 @@ Script.prototype.getHash = function getHash() {
     program = this.getWitnessProgram();
     if (!program.type || program.type === 'unknown')
       return;
-    return utils.toHex(program.data);
+    return program.data.toString('hex');
   }
 
   if (this.isPubkey())
-    return utils.toHex(utils.ripesha(this.code[0]));
+    return utils.ripesha(this.code[0]).toString('hex');
 
   if (this.isPubkeyhash())
-    return utils.toHex(this.code[2]);
+    return this.code[2].toString('hex');
 
   if (this.isMultisig())
-    return utils.toHex(utils.ripesha(this.encode()));
+    return utils.ripesha(this.encode()).toString('hex');
 
   if (this.isScripthash())
-    return utils.toHex(this.code[1]);
+    return this.code[1].toString('hex');
 };
 
 /**
@@ -3271,7 +3271,7 @@ Script.format = function format(code) {
 
   return Script.concat(scripts).map(function(chunk) {
     if (Buffer.isBuffer(chunk))
-      return '[' + utils.toHex(chunk) + ']';
+      return '[' + chunk.toString('hex') + ']';
 
     assert(typeof chunk === 'number');
 
@@ -3589,7 +3589,7 @@ Script.verify = function verify(input, witness, output, tx, i, flags) {
       hadWitness = true;
 
       // Input script must be exactly one push of the redeem script.
-      if (!(input.code.length === 1 && utils.isEqual(input.code[0], raw)))
+      if (!(input.code.length === 1 && utils.equals(input.code[0], raw)))
         return false;
 
       // Verify the program in the redeem script
@@ -3671,7 +3671,7 @@ Script.verifyProgram = function verifyProgram(witness, output, flags, tx, i) {
 
     witnessScript = stack.pop();
 
-    if (!utils.isEqual(utils.sha256(witnessScript), program.data))
+    if (!utils.equals(utils.sha256(witnessScript), program.data))
       return false;
 
     redeem = new Script(witnessScript);
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/tx.js b/lib/bcoin/tx.js
index c8d0423f..490f81d8 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/tx.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/tx.js
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ TX.prototype.hash = function hash(enc) {
   if (!this._hash)
     this._hash = utils.dsha256(this.renderNormal());
 
-  return enc === 'hex' ? utils.toHex(this._hash) : this._hash;
+  return enc === 'hex' ? this._hash.toString('hex') : this._hash;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ TX.prototype.hash = function hash(enc) {
 TX.prototype.witnessHash = function witnessHash(enc) {
   if (this.isCoinbase()) {
     return enc === 'hex'
-      ? utils.toHex(constants.ZERO_HASH)
+      ? constants.NULL_HASH
       : utils.slice(constants.ZERO_HASH);
   }
 
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ TX.prototype.witnessHash = function witnessHash(enc) {
   if (!this._whash)
     this._whash = utils.dsha256(this.renderWitness());
 
-  return enc === 'hex' ? utils.toHex(this._whash) : this._whash;
+  return enc === 'hex' ? this._whash.toString('hex') : this._whash;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -1659,7 +1659,7 @@ TX.prototype.toRaw = function toRaw(enc) {
   var data = this.render();
 
   if (enc === 'hex')
-    data = utils.toHex(data);
+    data = data.toString('hex');
 
   return data;
 };
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/txdb.js b/lib/bcoin/txdb.js
index fd023a9c..1c21c85c 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/txdb.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/txdb.js
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ TXDB.prototype.isSpent = function isSpent(hash, index, callback) {
     if (!hash)
       return callback(null, null);
 
-    return callback(null, utils.toHex(hash));
+    return callback(null, hash.toString('hex'));
   });
 };
 
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/utils.js b/lib/bcoin/utils.js
index bfef3a94..150bb6ac 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/utils.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/utils.js
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ utils.pbkdf2 = function pbkdf2(key, salt, iterations, dkLen) {
 
   var i, j, k, destPos, len;
 
-  utils.copy(salt.slice(0, salt.length), block1, 0);
+  salt.copy(block1);
 
   for (i = 1; i <= l; i++) {
     block1[salt.length + 0] = i >> 24 & 0xff;
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ utils.pbkdf2 = function pbkdf2(key, salt, iterations, dkLen) {
 
     U = utils.sha512hmac(block1, key);
 
-    utils.copy(U.slice(0, hLen), T, 0);
+    U.copy(T, 0, 0, hLen);
 
     for (j = 1; j < iterations; j++) {
       U = utils.sha512hmac(U, key);
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ utils.pbkdf2 = function pbkdf2(key, salt, iterations, dkLen) {
 
     destPos = (i - 1) * hLen;
     len = i === l ? r : hLen;
-    utils.copy(T.slice(0, len), DK, 0);
+    T.copy(DK, 0, 0, len);
   }
 
   return DK;
@@ -466,30 +466,6 @@ utils.decrypt = function decrypt(data, passphrase) {
   return out;
 };
 
-/**
- * Copy a buffer onto another.
- * @param {Buffer} src
- * @param {Buffer} dst
- * @param {Number?} offset
- */
-
-utils.copy = function copy(src, dst, off) {
-  return src.copy(dst, off, 0, src.length);
-};
-
-/**
- * Convert a buffer to hex (ensure hex).
- * @param {Buffer|String} msg
- * @returns {String} Hex string.
- */
-
-utils.toHex = function toHex(msg) {
-  if (typeof msg === 'string')
-    return msg;
-
-  return msg.toString('hex');
-};
-
 /**
  * Test whether a string is hex. Note that this
  * may yield a false positive on base58 strings.
@@ -508,11 +484,11 @@ utils.isHex = function isHex(msg) {
  * @returns {Boolean}
  */
 
-utils.isEqual = function isEqual(a, b) {
+utils.equals = function isEqual(a, b) {
   var i;
 
-  if (!a || !b)
-    return false;
+  assert(Buffer.isBuffer(a));
+  assert(Buffer.isBuffer(b));
 
   if (a.length !== b.length)
     return false;
@@ -2522,7 +2498,7 @@ utils.buildMerkleTree = function buildMerkleTree(leaves) {
     for (i = 0; i < size; i += 2) {
       i2 = Math.min(i + 1, size - 1);
       if (i2 === i + 1 && i2 + 1 === size
-          && utils.isEqual(tree[j + i], tree[j + i2])) {
+          && utils.equals(tree[j + i], tree[j + i2])) {
         return;
       }
       hash = Buffer.concat([tree[j + i], tree[j + i2]]);
@@ -2623,7 +2599,7 @@ utils.indexOf = function indexOf(arr, buf) {
   for (i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
     if (!Buffer.isBuffer(arr[i]))
       continue;
-    if (utils.isEqual(arr[i], buf))
+    if (utils.equals(arr[i], buf))
       return i;
   }
 
@@ -2806,7 +2782,7 @@ function VerifyError(object, code, reason, score) {
     + ' (code=' + code
     + ', score=' + score
     + ', height=' + this.height
-    + ', hash=' + utils.revHex(utils.toHex(this.hash)) + ')';
+    + ', hash=' + utils.revHex(this.hash.toString('hex')) + ')';
 }
 
 utils.inherits(VerifyError, Error);
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/wallet.js b/lib/bcoin/wallet.js
index 9c95eccf..caa7a7fb 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/wallet.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/wallet.js
@@ -1049,7 +1049,7 @@ Wallet.prototype.getRedeem = function getRedeem(hash, prefix) {
     return;
 
   if (address.program && hash.length === 20) {
-    if (utils.isEqual(hash, address.programHash))
+    if (utils.equals(hash, address.programHash))
       return address.program;
   }
 
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/writer.js b/lib/bcoin/writer.js
index 4ff8965d..d1579ace 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/writer.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/writer.js
@@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ BufferWriter.prototype.render = function render(keep) {
       case '64': off += utils.write64(data, item[1], off); break;
       case '64be': off += utils.write64BE(data, item[1], off); break;
       case 'varint': off += utils.writeVarint(data, item[1], off); break;
-      case 'bytes': off += utils.copy(item[1], data, off); break;
+      case 'bytes': off += item[1].copy(data, off); break;
       case 'checksum':
-        off += utils.copy(utils.checksum(data.slice(0, off)), data, off);
+        off += utils.checksum(data.slice(0, off)).copy(data, off);
         break;
     }
   }
diff --git a/test/block-test.js b/test/block-test.js
index 60408fdd..9bb4f151 100644
--- a/test/block-test.js
+++ b/test/block-test.js
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ describe('Block', function() {
       '33825657ba32afe269819f01993bd77baba86379043168c94845d32370e53562' ],
     flags: new Buffer([ 245, 90, 0 ])
   }, 'merkleblock');
-  var raw = bcoin.utils.toHex(block.toRaw());
+  var raw = block.toRaw('hex');
 
   it('should parse partial merkle tree', function() {
     assert(block.verify());
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ describe('Block', function() {
 
   it('should decode/encode with parser/framer', function() {
     var b = bcoin.merkleblock(parser.parseMerkleBlock(new Buffer(raw, 'hex')));
-    assert.equal(bcoin.utils.toHex(b.render()), raw);
+    assert.equal(b.render().toString('hex'), raw);
   });
 
   it('should be verifiable', function() {
diff --git a/test/hd-test.js b/test/hd-test.js
index c02d0b6f..b33ba7d8 100644
--- a/test/hd-test.js
+++ b/test/hd-test.js
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ describe('HD', function() {
   var master, child1, child2, child3, child4, child5, child6;
 
   it('should create a pbkdf2 seed', function() {
-    var checkSeed = utils.toHex(bcoin.utils.pbkdf2(phrase, 'mnemonic' + 'foo', 2048, 64));
+    var checkSeed = bcoin.utils.pbkdf2(phrase, 'mnemonic' + 'foo', 2048, 64).toString('hex');
     assert.equal(checkSeed, seed);
   });
 
diff --git a/test/mempool-test.js b/test/mempool-test.js
index d540c190..016e0ae0 100644
--- a/test/mempool-test.js
+++ b/test/mempool-test.js
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ describe('Mempool', function() {
     var prev = new bcoin.script([w.publicKey, opcodes.OP_CHECKSIG]);
     var dummyInput = {
       prevout: {
-        hash: constants.ONE_HASH,
+        hash: constants.ONE_HASH.toString('hex'),
         index: 0
       },
       coin: {
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe('Mempool', function() {
         value: new bn(70000),
         script: prev,
         coinbase: false,
-        hash: constants.ONE_HASH,
+        hash: constants.ONE_HASH.toString('hex'),
         index: 0
       },
       script: new bcoin.script([]),
diff --git a/test/script-test.js b/test/script-test.js
index ece5951b..07f85303 100644
--- a/test/script-test.js
+++ b/test/script-test.js
@@ -15,15 +15,15 @@ describe('Script', function() {
     var decoded = bcoin.script.decode(new Buffer(src, 'hex'));
     assert.equal(decoded.length, 3);
     assert.equal(
-      bcoin.utils.toHex(decoded[0]),
+      decoded[0].toString('hex'),
       '000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f');
     assert.equal(
-      bcoin.utils.toHex(decoded[1]),
+      decoded[1].toString('hex'),
       '101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f');
     assert.equal(decoded[2], opcodes.OP_CHECKSIG);
 
     var dst = bcoin.script.encode(decoded);
-    assert.equal(bcoin.utils.toHex(dst), src);
+    assert.equal(dst.toString('hex'), src);
   });
 
   if (0)
diff --git a/test/tx-test.js b/test/tx-test.js
index 4cd10b3f..e8ee8025 100644
--- a/test/tx-test.js
+++ b/test/tx-test.js
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ describe('TX', function() {
 
   it('should decode/encode with parser/framer', function() {
     var tx = bcoin.tx(parser.parseTX(new Buffer(raw, 'hex')));
-    assert.equal(bcoin.utils.toHex(tx.render()), raw);
+    assert.equal(tx.render().toString('hex'), raw);
   });
 
   it('should be verifiable', function() {
diff --git a/test/wallet-test.js b/test/wallet-test.js
index e631e5a7..ef76e0a3 100644
--- a/test/wallet-test.js
+++ b/test/wallet-test.js
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ var assert = utils.assert;
 
 var dummyInput = {
   prevout: {
-    hash: constants.ZERO_HASH,
+    hash: constants.NULL_HASH,
     index: 0
   },
   coin: {
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ var dummyInput = {
     value: constants.MAX_MONEY.clone(),
     script: new bcoin.script([]),
     coinbase: false,
-    hash: constants.ZERO_HASH,
+    hash: constants.NULL_HASH,
     index: 0
   },
   script: new bcoin.script([]),