diff --git a/lib/bcoin/address.js b/lib/bcoin/address.js
index c05207c2..721c52de 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/address.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/address.js
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ function Address(options) {
   this.derived = !!options.derived;
   this.addressMap = null;
 
-  this.key = options.pair || options.key || bcoin.keypair(options);
+  this.key = options.key || bcoin.keypair(options);
   this.path = options.path;
   this.change = !!options.change;
   this.index = options.index;
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/ec.js b/lib/bcoin/ec.js
index b28ed656..dae1bba3 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/ec.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/ec.js
@@ -15,17 +15,20 @@ var ec = exports;
  */
 
 ec.generate = function generate(options) {
-  var priv, pub;
+  var key, priv, pub;
 
   if (bcoin.secp256k1 && bcoin.crypto) {
     do {
       priv = bcoin.crypto.randomBytes(32);
     } while (!bcoin.secp256k1.privateKeyVerify(priv));
     pub = bcoin.secp256k1.publicKeyCreate(priv, true);
-    return bcoin.keypair({ priv: priv, pub: pub });
+  } else {
+    key = bcoin.ecdsa.genKeyPair();
+    priv = new Buffer(key.getPrivate().toArray('be', 32));
+    pub = new Buffer(key.getPublic(true, 'array'));
   }
 
-  return bcoin.keypair(options);
+  return { privateKey: priv, publicKey: pub };
 };
 
 ec.verify = function verify(msg, sig, key, historical) {
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/hd.js b/lib/bcoin/hd.js
index c2b413aa..c70f7803 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/hd.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/hd.js
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ HDPrivateKey.prototype._seed = function _seed(seed) {
 
 HDPrivateKey.prototype._generate = function _generate(privateKey, entropy) {
   if (!privateKey)
-    privateKey = bcoin.ec.generate().getPrivateKey();
+    privateKey = bcoin.ec.generate().privateKey;
 
   if (utils.isHex(privateKey))
     privateKey = new Buffer(privateKey, 'hex');
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ HDPrivateKey.prototype._unbuild = function _unbuild(xkey) {
 HDPrivateKey.prototype._build = function _build(data) {
   var sequence = new Buffer(82);
   var off = 0;
-  var checksum, xprivkey, pair, privateKey, publicKey, size, fingerPrint;
+  var checksum, xprivkey, key, privateKey, publicKey, size, fingerPrint;
 
   off += utils.copy(data.version, sequence, off);
   off += utils.copy(data.depth, sequence, off);
@@ -688,9 +688,9 @@ HDPrivateKey.prototype._build = function _build(data) {
 
   xprivkey = utils.toBase58(sequence);
 
-  pair = bcoin.keypair({ privateKey: data.privateKey });
-  privateKey = pair.getPrivateKey();
-  publicKey = pair.getPublicKey();
+  key = bcoin.keypair({ privateKey: data.privateKey });
+  privateKey = key.getPrivateKey();
+  publicKey = key.getPublicKey();
 
   size = constants.hd.parentFingerPrintSize;
   fingerPrint = utils.ripesha(publicKey).slice(0, size);
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@ HDPrivateKey.prototype._build = function _build(data) {
   this.hdPrivateKey = this;
 
   this.xpubkey = this.hdPublicKey.xpubkey;
-  this.pair = bcoin.keypair({ privateKey: this.privateKey });
+  this.key = bcoin.keypair({ privateKey: this.privateKey });
 };
 
 HDPrivateKey.prototype.derive = function derive(index, hardened) {
@@ -1081,11 +1081,11 @@ HDPublicKey.prototype._build = function _build(data) {
   this.fingerPrint = fingerPrint;
 
   this.xprivkey = data.xprivkey;
-  this.pair = bcoin.keypair({ publicKey: this.publicKey });
+  this.key = bcoin.keypair({ publicKey: this.publicKey });
 };
 
 HDPublicKey.prototype.derive = function derive(index, hardened) {
-  var cached, data, hash, leftPart, chainCode, pair, point, publicKey, child;
+  var cached, data, hash, leftPart, chainCode, key, point, publicKey, child;
   var off = 0;
 
   if (typeof index === 'string')
@@ -1110,8 +1110,8 @@ HDPublicKey.prototype.derive = function derive(index, hardened) {
   leftPart = new bn(hash.slice(0, 32));
   chainCode = hash.slice(32, 64);
 
-  pair = bcoin.keypair({ publicKey: this.publicKey });
-  point = ec.curve.g.mul(leftPart).add(pair.publicPoint);
+  key = bcoin.keypair({ publicKey: this.publicKey });
+  point = ec.curve.g.mul(leftPart).add(key.publicPoint);
   publicKey = bcoin.keypair({ publicKey: point }).getPublicKey();
 
   child = new HDPublicKey({
@@ -1162,10 +1162,6 @@ HDPublicKey.prototype.deriveString = function deriveString(path) {
  */
 
 [HDPrivateKey, HDPublicKey].forEach(function(HD) {
-  HD.prototype.validate = function validate() {
-    return this.pair.validate.apply(this.pair, arguments);
-  };
-
   HD.prototype.getPublicKey = function getPublicKey() {
     return bcoin.keypair.prototype.getPublicKey.apply(this, arguments);
   };
@@ -1174,20 +1170,20 @@ HDPublicKey.prototype.deriveString = function deriveString(path) {
     return bcoin.keypair.prototype.getPrivateKey.apply(this, arguments);
   };
 
-  HD.prototype.sign = function sign(msg) {
-    return this.pair.sign.apply(this.pair, arguments);
+  HD.prototype.sign = function sign() {
+    return this.key.sign.apply(this.key, arguments);
   };
 
-  HD.prototype.verify = function verify(msg, signature) {
-    return this.pair.verify.apply(this.pair, arguments);
+  HD.prototype.verify = function verify() {
+    return this.key.verify.apply(this.key, arguments);
   };
 
   HD.prototype.__defineGetter__('publicPoint', function() {
-    return this.pair.publicPoint;
+    return this.key.publicPoint;
   });
 
   HD.prototype.__defineGetter__('privatePoint', function() {
-    return this.pair.privatePoint;
+    return this.key.privatePoint;
   });
 
   HD.prototype.compressed = true;
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/keypair.js b/lib/bcoin/keypair.js
index 6e33b2b4..19860f71 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/keypair.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/keypair.js
@@ -22,88 +22,41 @@ function KeyPair(options) {
   if (!options)
     options = {};
 
-  if (options instanceof KeyPair)
-    return options;
-
-  if (options instanceof bcoin.ecdsa.keypair)
-    options = { pair: options };
-
-  if (options.key)
-    options.pair = options.key;
-
-  if (options.priv)
-    options.privateKey = options.priv;
-
-  if (options.pub)
-    options.publicKey = options.pub;
-
-  if (options.pair instanceof KeyPair)
-    return options.pair;
-
   this.options = options;
-  this.pair = null;
+  this.key = null;
   this.compressed = options.compressed !== false;
 
-  if (options.passphrase)
-    options.entropy = utils.sha256(options.passphrase);
+  if (!options.privateKey && !options.publicKey)
+    throw new Error('No options for keypair');
 
-  if (options.privateKey instanceof bcoin.hd.privateKey) {
-    this.pair = options.privateKey.pair;
-  } else if (options.publicKey instanceof bcoin.hd.publicKey) {
-    this.pair = options.publicKey.pair;
-  } else if (options.pair instanceof bcoin.hd.privateKey) {
-    this.pair = options.pair.pair;
-  } else if (options.pair instanceof bcoin.hd.publicKey) {
-    this.pair = options.pair.pair;
-  } else if (options.pair) {
-    assert(options.pair instanceof bcoin.ecdsa.keypair);
-    this.pair = options.pair;
-  } else if (options.privateKey || options.publicKey) {
-    this.pair = bcoin.ecdsa.keyPair({
-      priv: options.privateKey,
-      pub: options.publicKey
-    });
-  } else {
-    this.pair = bcoin.ec.generate({
-      pers: options.personalization,
-      entropy: options.entropy
-    });
-  }
+  this.key = bcoin.ecdsa.keyPair({
+    priv: options.privateKey,
+    pub: options.publicKey
+  });
+
+  this.privatePoint = this.key.getPrivate();
+  this.publicPoint = this.key.getPublic();
+  this.privateKey = this.getPrivateKey();
+  this.publicKey = this.getPublicKey();
 }
 
-KeyPair.prototype.__defineGetter__('privatePoint', function() {
-  return this.pair.getPrivate();
-});
-
-KeyPair.prototype.__defineGetter__('publicPoint', function() {
-  return this.pair.getPublic();
-});
-
-KeyPair.prototype.__defineGetter__('privateKey', function() {
-  return this.getPrivateKey();
-});
-
-KeyPair.prototype.__defineGetter__('publicKey', function() {
-  return this.getPublicKey();
-});
-
-KeyPair.prototype.validate = function validate() {
-  return this.pair.validate.apply(this.pair, arguments);
+KeyPair.generate = function() {
+  return new KeyPair(bcoin.ec.generate());
 };
 
 KeyPair.prototype.sign = function sign(msg) {
-  return this.pair.sign.apply(this.pair, arguments);
+  return bcoin.ec.sign(msg, this);
 };
 
-KeyPair.prototype.verify = function verify(msg, signature) {
-  return this.pair.verify.apply(this.pair, arguments);
+KeyPair.prototype.verify = function verify(msg, sig) {
+  return bcoin.ec.verify(msg, sig, this);
 };
 
 KeyPair.prototype.getPrivateKey = function getPrivateKey(enc) {
   var privateKey;
 
   if (!this._privateKey) {
-    privateKey = this.pair.getPrivate();
+    privateKey = this.key.getPrivate();
 
     if (!privateKey)
       return;
@@ -128,7 +81,7 @@ KeyPair.prototype.getPublicKey = function getPublicKey(enc) {
   var publicKey;
 
   if (!this._publicKey)
-    this._publicKey = new Buffer(this.pair.getPublic(this.compressed, 'array'));
+    this._publicKey = new Buffer(this.key.getPublic(this.compressed, 'array'));
 
   publicKey = this._publicKey;
 
@@ -189,15 +142,11 @@ KeyPair.fromSecret = function fromSecret(privateKey) {
 };
 
 KeyPair.verify = function verify(msg, sig, key) {
-  try {
-    return bcoin.ec.verify(msg, sig, key);
-  } catch (e) {
-    return false;
-  }
+  return bcoin.ec.verify(msg, sig, key);
 };
 
 KeyPair.sign = function sign(msg, key) {
-  return bcoin.ec.sign(msg, key.priv);
+  return bcoin.ec.sign(msg, key);
 };
 
 KeyPair.prototype.toJSON = function toJSON(passphrase) {
@@ -207,7 +156,7 @@ KeyPair.prototype.toJSON = function toJSON(passphrase) {
     encrypted: passphrase ? true : false
   };
 
-  if (this.pair.priv) {
+  if (this.key.priv) {
     json.privateKey = passphrase
       ? utils.encrypt(this.toSecret(), passphrase)
       : this.toSecret();
diff --git a/lib/bcoin/wallet.js b/lib/bcoin/wallet.js
index 2a55dccf..9a15c157 100644
--- a/lib/bcoin/wallet.js
+++ b/lib/bcoin/wallet.js
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ Wallet.prototype.deriveAddress = function deriveAddress(change, index) {
     options.keys.push(key.publicKey);
   }, this);
 
-  address = bcoin.address(options);
+  address = new bcoin.address(options);
 
   this.addressMap[address.getKeyAddress()] = data.path;